Biology 1010 Midterm Review Exam 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Reductionism - ✔✔An approach to understanding the nature of complex things by
reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental
things
Robert Hooke - ✔✔In 1665, he first described and named cells from an oak tree
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔Discovered a microbial world in droplets of pound water
Schleiden and Schwaan - ✔✔Called cells 'units of life' - cell theory
Common features of Cells - ✔✔All cells are enclosed by a membrane that regulates
passing of materials between the cell and it's surroundings.
Every cell contains DNA.
Two major kinds of cells, Prokaryote and Eukaryote.
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic - ✔✔Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus, membrane bound
organelles. Much more complex DNA, which is held in the nucleus. Prokaryote DNA
floats freely, and are 10% the size of Eukaryotes. They have a cell wall of peptidoglycan.
Genes - ✔✔The basic physical and functional unit of heredity which are made up of
DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In humans, they vary in
size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
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,Evidence for unity of life - ✔✔A universal genetic code, similar metabolic pathways,
and similarities of cell structure.
Three Domains/Five Kingdoms - ✔✔Domain Bacteria and Archaea both include
Kingdom Prokaryota. Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms of Protista (unicellular
eukaryotes), Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Taxonomy - ✔✔Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species.
DKPCOFGS.
Evolution - ✔✔The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to
have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Darwin's Observations and Inferences - ✔✔Observation 1: Individual Variation.
Individuals vary in many heritable traits. Observation 2: Struggle for existence. The
produced offspring is far bigger than the environment can support.
Inference: Differential reproductive success. Those individuals with traits best suited for
local environment leave a larger number of surviving fertile offspring.
3 Properties of living things - ✔✔Metabolism, Growth, Reproduction.
Life's hierarchy - ✔✔Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organisms,
Populations.
The Cell Theory - ✔✔1. Cells are the fundamental units of life, a cell is the simplest unit
capable of independent existence.
Plant cell structure - ✔✔Eukaryotic cells that differ in several key aspects from the cells
of other eukaryotic organisms.
Plastids - ✔✔A major double-membrane organelle found, among others, in the cells of
plants and algae. They are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical
compounds used by the cell.
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, Chloroplasts - ✔✔Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct
photosynthesis. They absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon
dioxide gas to produce food for the plant.
Central Vacuole - ✔✔A membrane-bound organelle containing water and other
enzymes that function during the life of the plant. Structurally, it is surrounded by a
phospholipid bilayer. Very important in cell growth.
Cell Wall - ✔✔A structural layer that surrounds some types of cells, situated outside the
cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible and sometimes rigid and functions to provides
cells with structural support and protection and to act as a filtering mechanism.
Plasmodesmata - ✔✔Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells
and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.
Ribosomes - ✔✔The protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are
like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.
They are special because they are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Endomembrane system - ✔✔These membranes divide the cell into functional and
structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the
endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane.
Nuclear envelope - ✔✔The double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic
material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. It consists of two lipid bilayers—the inner
nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane.
ER - ✔✔A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is
involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Reductionism - ✔✔An approach to understanding the nature of complex things by
reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental
things
Robert Hooke - ✔✔In 1665, he first described and named cells from an oak tree
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔Discovered a microbial world in droplets of pound water
Schleiden and Schwaan - ✔✔Called cells 'units of life' - cell theory
Common features of Cells - ✔✔All cells are enclosed by a membrane that regulates
passing of materials between the cell and it's surroundings.
Every cell contains DNA.
Two major kinds of cells, Prokaryote and Eukaryote.
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic - ✔✔Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus, membrane bound
organelles. Much more complex DNA, which is held in the nucleus. Prokaryote DNA
floats freely, and are 10% the size of Eukaryotes. They have a cell wall of peptidoglycan.
Genes - ✔✔The basic physical and functional unit of heredity which are made up of
DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In humans, they vary in
size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Evidence for unity of life - ✔✔A universal genetic code, similar metabolic pathways,
and similarities of cell structure.
Three Domains/Five Kingdoms - ✔✔Domain Bacteria and Archaea both include
Kingdom Prokaryota. Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms of Protista (unicellular
eukaryotes), Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Taxonomy - ✔✔Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species.
DKPCOFGS.
Evolution - ✔✔The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to
have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Darwin's Observations and Inferences - ✔✔Observation 1: Individual Variation.
Individuals vary in many heritable traits. Observation 2: Struggle for existence. The
produced offspring is far bigger than the environment can support.
Inference: Differential reproductive success. Those individuals with traits best suited for
local environment leave a larger number of surviving fertile offspring.
3 Properties of living things - ✔✔Metabolism, Growth, Reproduction.
Life's hierarchy - ✔✔Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organisms,
Populations.
The Cell Theory - ✔✔1. Cells are the fundamental units of life, a cell is the simplest unit
capable of independent existence.
Plant cell structure - ✔✔Eukaryotic cells that differ in several key aspects from the cells
of other eukaryotic organisms.
Plastids - ✔✔A major double-membrane organelle found, among others, in the cells of
plants and algae. They are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical
compounds used by the cell.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Chloroplasts - ✔✔Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct
photosynthesis. They absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon
dioxide gas to produce food for the plant.
Central Vacuole - ✔✔A membrane-bound organelle containing water and other
enzymes that function during the life of the plant. Structurally, it is surrounded by a
phospholipid bilayer. Very important in cell growth.
Cell Wall - ✔✔A structural layer that surrounds some types of cells, situated outside the
cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible and sometimes rigid and functions to provides
cells with structural support and protection and to act as a filtering mechanism.
Plasmodesmata - ✔✔Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells
and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.
Ribosomes - ✔✔The protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are
like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.
They are special because they are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Endomembrane system - ✔✔These membranes divide the cell into functional and
structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the
endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane.
Nuclear envelope - ✔✔The double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic
material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. It consists of two lipid bilayers—the inner
nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane.
ER - ✔✔A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is
involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
