Nanomedicine 1 – bioanalysis Exam
2025 Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
What is the general principle of an affinity protein sensor? - ✔✔The general principle of
an affinity protein sensor involves the use of a specific protein or peptide that can
recognize and bind to a target protein of interest. This binding interaction between the
affinity protein and the target protein leads to a measurable signal that can be used to
detect and quantify the presence of the target protein. The affinity protein acts as a
recognition element in the sensor, allowing for selective detection and analysis of the
target protein in complex biological samples. In the case of affinity (non-catalytic)
biosensor, the analyte is bound to the receptor irreversibly, and during the interaction
no new biochemical reaction product is formed. This type of sensor comprises
antibodies, cell receptors, and nucleic acids as the target for detection.
Briefly mention possible transduction methods for protein biosensors. - ✔✔There are
several possible transduction methods for protein biosensors. Some of the commonly
used methods include:
Optical methods: These involve the use of optical signals such as fluorescence,
absorbance, or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to detect and quantify the binding
events between the affinity protein and the target protein.
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,Electrochemical methods: These methods rely on the measurement of changes in
electrical properties, such as current or potential, resulting from the binding interaction
between the affinity protein and the target protein.
Mechanical (Mass-based methods): These methods utilize the change in mass or
resonance frequency caused by the binding event, which can be detected using
techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) or surface acoustic wave (SAW)
sensors.
What are the major difficulties in protein biosensor technology? - ✔✔1. Selectivity and
specificity
2. Stability and reproducibility
3. Sensitivity
4. Regeneration and reusability
5. Sample matrix interference
6. Integration and miniaturization
7. Validation and standardization
What are the basic/general elements (or components) of all point-of-care/Lab-on-a-chip
biosensors? Include a list of five sensing principles. - ✔✔an analyte, bioreceptor,
transducer, electronics, and display.
1. Analyte: A substance of interest whose constituents are being identified or detected
(e.g., glucose, ammonia, alcohol, and lactose).
2. Bioreceptor: A biomolecule (molecule) or a biological element that can recognize the
target substrate (i.e., an analyte) is known as bioreceptor (e.g., enzymes, cells, aptamers,
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA or RNA), and antibodies). The process of signal
production (in the form of light, heat, pH, charge or mass change, plant or animal
tissue, and microbial products) during the interaction between bioreceptor and analyte
is called biorecognition.
3. Transducer: A device that transforms energy from one form to another. The
transducer is a key element in a biosensor. It converts the biorecognition event into a
measurable signal (electrical) that connects with the quantity or in the presence of a
chemical or biological target. This process of energy conversion is known as
signalization. Transducers generate either optical or electrical signals proportional to
the number of analyte-bioreceptor interactions. According to the operating principle,
transducers are broadly categorized as electrochemical, optical, thermal, electronic, and
gravimetric transducers
4. Electronics: The transduced signal is processed and prepared for the display. The
electrical signals obtained from the transducer are amplified and converted into digital
form. The processed signals are quantified by the display unit.
5. Display: The display unit is composed of a user interpretation system, such as a
computer or a printer that generates the output so that the corresponding response can
be readable and understandable by the user. Depending on the end-user prerequisite,
the output can be in the form of a numerical, graphical, or tabular value, or a figure.
Describe a method for conjugating a protein onto a surface through silanization. -
✔✔Silanization = commonly used method for conjugating proteins onto surfaces in
protein biosensor technology.
- -> involves the use of organosilanes to create a stable and covalent attachment of
proteins onto a surface.
- -> Provides a stable and covalent attachment of proteins onto surfaces, allowing for
enhanced sensitivity and specificity in protein biosensor applications. It offers
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
2025 Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
What is the general principle of an affinity protein sensor? - ✔✔The general principle of
an affinity protein sensor involves the use of a specific protein or peptide that can
recognize and bind to a target protein of interest. This binding interaction between the
affinity protein and the target protein leads to a measurable signal that can be used to
detect and quantify the presence of the target protein. The affinity protein acts as a
recognition element in the sensor, allowing for selective detection and analysis of the
target protein in complex biological samples. In the case of affinity (non-catalytic)
biosensor, the analyte is bound to the receptor irreversibly, and during the interaction
no new biochemical reaction product is formed. This type of sensor comprises
antibodies, cell receptors, and nucleic acids as the target for detection.
Briefly mention possible transduction methods for protein biosensors. - ✔✔There are
several possible transduction methods for protein biosensors. Some of the commonly
used methods include:
Optical methods: These involve the use of optical signals such as fluorescence,
absorbance, or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to detect and quantify the binding
events between the affinity protein and the target protein.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Electrochemical methods: These methods rely on the measurement of changes in
electrical properties, such as current or potential, resulting from the binding interaction
between the affinity protein and the target protein.
Mechanical (Mass-based methods): These methods utilize the change in mass or
resonance frequency caused by the binding event, which can be detected using
techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) or surface acoustic wave (SAW)
sensors.
What are the major difficulties in protein biosensor technology? - ✔✔1. Selectivity and
specificity
2. Stability and reproducibility
3. Sensitivity
4. Regeneration and reusability
5. Sample matrix interference
6. Integration and miniaturization
7. Validation and standardization
What are the basic/general elements (or components) of all point-of-care/Lab-on-a-chip
biosensors? Include a list of five sensing principles. - ✔✔an analyte, bioreceptor,
transducer, electronics, and display.
1. Analyte: A substance of interest whose constituents are being identified or detected
(e.g., glucose, ammonia, alcohol, and lactose).
2. Bioreceptor: A biomolecule (molecule) or a biological element that can recognize the
target substrate (i.e., an analyte) is known as bioreceptor (e.g., enzymes, cells, aptamers,
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA or RNA), and antibodies). The process of signal
production (in the form of light, heat, pH, charge or mass change, plant or animal
tissue, and microbial products) during the interaction between bioreceptor and analyte
is called biorecognition.
3. Transducer: A device that transforms energy from one form to another. The
transducer is a key element in a biosensor. It converts the biorecognition event into a
measurable signal (electrical) that connects with the quantity or in the presence of a
chemical or biological target. This process of energy conversion is known as
signalization. Transducers generate either optical or electrical signals proportional to
the number of analyte-bioreceptor interactions. According to the operating principle,
transducers are broadly categorized as electrochemical, optical, thermal, electronic, and
gravimetric transducers
4. Electronics: The transduced signal is processed and prepared for the display. The
electrical signals obtained from the transducer are amplified and converted into digital
form. The processed signals are quantified by the display unit.
5. Display: The display unit is composed of a user interpretation system, such as a
computer or a printer that generates the output so that the corresponding response can
be readable and understandable by the user. Depending on the end-user prerequisite,
the output can be in the form of a numerical, graphical, or tabular value, or a figure.
Describe a method for conjugating a protein onto a surface through silanization. -
✔✔Silanization = commonly used method for conjugating proteins onto surfaces in
protein biosensor technology.
- -> involves the use of organosilanes to create a stable and covalent attachment of
proteins onto a surface.
- -> Provides a stable and covalent attachment of proteins onto surfaces, allowing for
enhanced sensitivity and specificity in protein biosensor applications. It offers
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY GRACE AMELIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
