BIOLOGY AND SYSTEMS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
basophil synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte/erythrocyte colony forming unit → basophil colony
forming unit → basophil (IL-3)
neutrophil synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ granulocyte/macrophage progenitor → granulocyte colony forming unit
→ neutrophil (granulocyte steering factor)
T cell synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common lymphocyte
progenitor→ pro T-cell → pre T-cell → T cell
plasma cell synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common
lymphocyte progenitor → pro B cell → pre B cell → plasma cell
centrifugation of blood - ANSWER-when blood is centrifuged, it splits into plasma,
buffy coat (WBCs, platelets), and packed red blood cells
hematocrit - ANSWER-height of red blood cells/total column height; men: 45 &
women: 40 (lower due to monthly blood loss)
erythrocyte sedimentation - ANSWER-If a sample of blood is allowed to sit for
approximately an hour, red blood cells should aggregate out into 15-20mm. If they
are at a height of 40-45 mm, sedimentation rate was accelerated due anti-
inflammatory action and production of fibrinogen. This helps identify inflammation.
blood cell structure - ANSWER-biconcave disks due to hemoglobin saturation
around perimeter of blood cells; greater surface area → lower volume → better
function as oxygen has to travel less to get to cell and CO2 has to travel less to be
eliminated
hemoglobin structure - ANSWER-4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta) that have
one heme group which binds one oxygen molecule; tetrapiral
oxygen carrying capacity - ANSWER-grams of hemoglobin in standard volume of
blood (13.5-14 women and 15-16 men) * 100% percent saturation/hemoglobin
saturation/oxyhemoglobin saturation (1.34-1.36 mL) = 18.5 - 20 ml of oxygen
13.5-14 g - ANSWER-grams hemoglobin in standard volume of blood women
15-16 g - ANSWER-grams hemoglobin in standard volume of blood men
1.34-1.36 - ANSWER-mL of oxygen in 1 100% saturated hemoglobin molecule
100 mL - ANSWER-standard volume of blood
, endothelium & vascular smooth muscle - ANSWER-communicate with each other
cellular elements inside blood vessel to transfer elements from blood
constricted vessel - ANSWER-reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to less flow per
unit time
Merill's thrombocytopenia - ANSWER-changed life unnecessarily in 3 ways when 25
and found this (donated lots of blood, increased exercise (raquetball), and changed
diet) which may have altered his stem cell producing marrow in irreversible ways
viscosity - ANSWER-resistance to flow; slope of shear stress to shear rate
Idioms - ANSWER-Whether you're an athlete or not, you're an academic athlete; To
fail to prepare is to prepare to fail; When the time to perform arrives, the time to
prepare has passed
Letters of recommendation - ANSWER-must earn As, 3-4 office visits during Spring
semester, no interview/letters after May 15th, 2015
Merill's Educational History - ANSWER-biology major → physiology grad job (decent
money) → discoveries with acetaminophen; PhD at Mich. State & 2 year contract at
LSU Medical Center, but then got call from Rutgers 6 months to come help develop
physiology at RU; dissertation topic: influence of pH on adenosine-mediated
coronary vasodilation
peripheral blood smear - ANSWER-drop of anticoagulated blood thinly spread on
glass side and light microscope
soluble factors - ANSWER-cytokines guide development to stem cells to mature cells
easily-identifiable mature cells - ANSWER-erythrocytes, granulocytes,
lymphocytes,& platelets
long-term hematopoietic stem cells - ANSWER-bone marrow cells from which all
brain cells develop; autonomous → all blood cells are self-replicating
erythrocyte synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte/erythrocyte colony forming unit → erythrocyte burst
forming unit → erythrocyte colony forming unit (from EPO & Il-3) → red blood
cell/erythrocyte
platelet synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte colony forming unit → megakaryocyte colony forming
unit → megakaryocyte (from TPO & IL-3) → platelets
eosinophil synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte/erythrocyte colony forming unit → eosinophil colony
forming factors → eosinophil (IL-5)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
basophil synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte/erythrocyte colony forming unit → basophil colony
forming unit → basophil (IL-3)
neutrophil synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ granulocyte/macrophage progenitor → granulocyte colony forming unit
→ neutrophil (granulocyte steering factor)
T cell synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common lymphocyte
progenitor→ pro T-cell → pre T-cell → T cell
plasma cell synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common
lymphocyte progenitor → pro B cell → pre B cell → plasma cell
centrifugation of blood - ANSWER-when blood is centrifuged, it splits into plasma,
buffy coat (WBCs, platelets), and packed red blood cells
hematocrit - ANSWER-height of red blood cells/total column height; men: 45 &
women: 40 (lower due to monthly blood loss)
erythrocyte sedimentation - ANSWER-If a sample of blood is allowed to sit for
approximately an hour, red blood cells should aggregate out into 15-20mm. If they
are at a height of 40-45 mm, sedimentation rate was accelerated due anti-
inflammatory action and production of fibrinogen. This helps identify inflammation.
blood cell structure - ANSWER-biconcave disks due to hemoglobin saturation
around perimeter of blood cells; greater surface area → lower volume → better
function as oxygen has to travel less to get to cell and CO2 has to travel less to be
eliminated
hemoglobin structure - ANSWER-4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta) that have
one heme group which binds one oxygen molecule; tetrapiral
oxygen carrying capacity - ANSWER-grams of hemoglobin in standard volume of
blood (13.5-14 women and 15-16 men) * 100% percent saturation/hemoglobin
saturation/oxyhemoglobin saturation (1.34-1.36 mL) = 18.5 - 20 ml of oxygen
13.5-14 g - ANSWER-grams hemoglobin in standard volume of blood women
15-16 g - ANSWER-grams hemoglobin in standard volume of blood men
1.34-1.36 - ANSWER-mL of oxygen in 1 100% saturated hemoglobin molecule
100 mL - ANSWER-standard volume of blood
, endothelium & vascular smooth muscle - ANSWER-communicate with each other
cellular elements inside blood vessel to transfer elements from blood
constricted vessel - ANSWER-reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to less flow per
unit time
Merill's thrombocytopenia - ANSWER-changed life unnecessarily in 3 ways when 25
and found this (donated lots of blood, increased exercise (raquetball), and changed
diet) which may have altered his stem cell producing marrow in irreversible ways
viscosity - ANSWER-resistance to flow; slope of shear stress to shear rate
Idioms - ANSWER-Whether you're an athlete or not, you're an academic athlete; To
fail to prepare is to prepare to fail; When the time to perform arrives, the time to
prepare has passed
Letters of recommendation - ANSWER-must earn As, 3-4 office visits during Spring
semester, no interview/letters after May 15th, 2015
Merill's Educational History - ANSWER-biology major → physiology grad job (decent
money) → discoveries with acetaminophen; PhD at Mich. State & 2 year contract at
LSU Medical Center, but then got call from Rutgers 6 months to come help develop
physiology at RU; dissertation topic: influence of pH on adenosine-mediated
coronary vasodilation
peripheral blood smear - ANSWER-drop of anticoagulated blood thinly spread on
glass side and light microscope
soluble factors - ANSWER-cytokines guide development to stem cells to mature cells
easily-identifiable mature cells - ANSWER-erythrocytes, granulocytes,
lymphocytes,& platelets
long-term hematopoietic stem cells - ANSWER-bone marrow cells from which all
brain cells develop; autonomous → all blood cells are self-replicating
erythrocyte synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte/erythrocyte colony forming unit → erythrocyte burst
forming unit → erythrocyte colony forming unit (from EPO & Il-3) → red blood
cell/erythrocyte
platelet synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte colony forming unit → megakaryocyte colony forming
unit → megakaryocyte (from TPO & IL-3) → platelets
eosinophil synthesis - ANSWER-long-term HSC → ST HSC → common myeloid
progenitor→ megakaryocyte/erythrocyte colony forming unit → eosinophil colony
forming factors → eosinophil (IL-5)
