N5334 Final Exam Pharmacology
Questions and Answers
1. Prescribing basics: Prescribing is regulated by state BON
2. Proper RX: Providers name and address, Telephone
DEA
Pt name/DOB/Addres
Name of Drug, strength, SIG(directions) with indication/Route and
frequency, Quan- tity and signature.
3. Drug Schedules: Most addictive to least: 1: Heroin,LSD, MJ
2: hydrocodone, cocaine, Methamphetamine, methadone,
oxycodone, meperidine, fentanyl, adderall, ritalin
3: codeine, ketamine, testosterone
4: xanax, valium, soma, ambient, tramadol
5: antidiarrheal, antitussives, lomotil, lyrica
4. Pharmicodyamics: The effects of drug on the body. Receptors
are large mole- cules usually proteins, that interact and mediate
the action of drugs
5. agonist: produce receptor stimulation and a conformational
change every time they bind. Do not need all available receptors
to produce a maximum response
,6. Partial agonist: drugs that have properties in b/w those of full
agonist and antagonist. They bind to receptors but when they
occupy the receptor sites, they stimulate only some of the
receptors.
7. antagonist: drugs with affinity for a receptor but with no
intrinsic activity. Affinity allows the antagonist to bind to receptors,
but lack of intrinsic activity prevents the bound antagonist from
causing receptor activation. The block action of drugs (ex. Narcan)
8. Bioavailabity: % of administered dosage of the drug that
survives the first pass through the liver and reaches the blood
stream
9. half life: Time required for the amount of a drug in the body to
decline by 50%, drugs with shorter half lives must be administer
frequently. 4.5-5.5 times the half life to get steady state and to be
limited from the body
10. what the body does to the drug: absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excre- tion
11. Distribution: movement of absorbed drug in bodily fluids
throughout the body to target tissue. Properties affecting: lipid/water
solubility, PH affects ionization of drug, protein binding, size of
molecule (smaller molecules are more able to diffuse)
,Tissue: fat, bone, blood/brain barrier (only lipid soluble will pass),
placental barrier
(many drugs can pass)
12. Protein binding: unbound drug is free which is active, crosses
membrane. Low plasma proteins result in more free drug.
Competition: when 2 highly bound drugs are given it increases the
level of both drugs
13. Metabolism: take place in the liver mostly. Chemical change of
a drug structure to:
Enhance excretion, inactivate the drug, increase therapeutic action,
active a prodrug (inactive until metabolized in the body into the
active compound, ex: levodopa), increase or decrease toxicity
14. CYP450: enzymes constitutes the most important of the
phase I metabolizing enzymes (account for about 75% of drug
metabolism in the liver)
Phase 2: conjugation reaction occur leading to large increases in
hydrophilicity of the substrates rendering them more readily
excretable
15. Substrate: an agent that is metabolized by an enzyme into a
metabolite and product and eventually excreted
16. Inhibitors: compete with other drugs for a particular enzyme
affecting the me- tabolism (decreased) of the substrate and
, decreases the excretion of the substrate and increasing the
circulating drug
17. inducer: competes with other drugs for a particular enzyme
affecting metabo- lism of the substrate (increases) decreasing the
efficacy of the drug
18. excretion: renal: passive glomerular filtration, active tubular
secretion, tubular reabsorption, gi tract, lung, sweat and salivary,
mammary
19. genomics: study of the complete set of genetic information
present in a cell, an organism, or species
20. pharmacogenetics: the study of the influence of hereditary
factors on the response of individual organisms to drugs, and the
study of variations of DNA and RNA characteristics as related to
drug response
21. Pharmacogenetics tests: Mentioned on drug labels can be
classified as "test required," "test recommended," and
"information only." Currently, four drugs are required to have
pharmacogenetics testing performed before they are prescribed:
cetuximab, trastuzumab, maraviroc and dasatinib
wafarin, carbamazepine, valproic acid and abacavir are
recommended to tests prior to initial dosing
Questions and Answers
1. Prescribing basics: Prescribing is regulated by state BON
2. Proper RX: Providers name and address, Telephone
DEA
Pt name/DOB/Addres
Name of Drug, strength, SIG(directions) with indication/Route and
frequency, Quan- tity and signature.
3. Drug Schedules: Most addictive to least: 1: Heroin,LSD, MJ
2: hydrocodone, cocaine, Methamphetamine, methadone,
oxycodone, meperidine, fentanyl, adderall, ritalin
3: codeine, ketamine, testosterone
4: xanax, valium, soma, ambient, tramadol
5: antidiarrheal, antitussives, lomotil, lyrica
4. Pharmicodyamics: The effects of drug on the body. Receptors
are large mole- cules usually proteins, that interact and mediate
the action of drugs
5. agonist: produce receptor stimulation and a conformational
change every time they bind. Do not need all available receptors
to produce a maximum response
,6. Partial agonist: drugs that have properties in b/w those of full
agonist and antagonist. They bind to receptors but when they
occupy the receptor sites, they stimulate only some of the
receptors.
7. antagonist: drugs with affinity for a receptor but with no
intrinsic activity. Affinity allows the antagonist to bind to receptors,
but lack of intrinsic activity prevents the bound antagonist from
causing receptor activation. The block action of drugs (ex. Narcan)
8. Bioavailabity: % of administered dosage of the drug that
survives the first pass through the liver and reaches the blood
stream
9. half life: Time required for the amount of a drug in the body to
decline by 50%, drugs with shorter half lives must be administer
frequently. 4.5-5.5 times the half life to get steady state and to be
limited from the body
10. what the body does to the drug: absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excre- tion
11. Distribution: movement of absorbed drug in bodily fluids
throughout the body to target tissue. Properties affecting: lipid/water
solubility, PH affects ionization of drug, protein binding, size of
molecule (smaller molecules are more able to diffuse)
,Tissue: fat, bone, blood/brain barrier (only lipid soluble will pass),
placental barrier
(many drugs can pass)
12. Protein binding: unbound drug is free which is active, crosses
membrane. Low plasma proteins result in more free drug.
Competition: when 2 highly bound drugs are given it increases the
level of both drugs
13. Metabolism: take place in the liver mostly. Chemical change of
a drug structure to:
Enhance excretion, inactivate the drug, increase therapeutic action,
active a prodrug (inactive until metabolized in the body into the
active compound, ex: levodopa), increase or decrease toxicity
14. CYP450: enzymes constitutes the most important of the
phase I metabolizing enzymes (account for about 75% of drug
metabolism in the liver)
Phase 2: conjugation reaction occur leading to large increases in
hydrophilicity of the substrates rendering them more readily
excretable
15. Substrate: an agent that is metabolized by an enzyme into a
metabolite and product and eventually excreted
16. Inhibitors: compete with other drugs for a particular enzyme
affecting the me- tabolism (decreased) of the substrate and
, decreases the excretion of the substrate and increasing the
circulating drug
17. inducer: competes with other drugs for a particular enzyme
affecting metabo- lism of the substrate (increases) decreasing the
efficacy of the drug
18. excretion: renal: passive glomerular filtration, active tubular
secretion, tubular reabsorption, gi tract, lung, sweat and salivary,
mammary
19. genomics: study of the complete set of genetic information
present in a cell, an organism, or species
20. pharmacogenetics: the study of the influence of hereditary
factors on the response of individual organisms to drugs, and the
study of variations of DNA and RNA characteristics as related to
drug response
21. Pharmacogenetics tests: Mentioned on drug labels can be
classified as "test required," "test recommended," and
"information only." Currently, four drugs are required to have
pharmacogenetics testing performed before they are prescribed:
cetuximab, trastuzumab, maraviroc and dasatinib
wafarin, carbamazepine, valproic acid and abacavir are
recommended to tests prior to initial dosing
