HIEU 242 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest 2025
David Ricardo - Answers (1772-1823) British economist (economic liberalist). "Principles of Political
Economy and Taxation." Assumed the existence of an "iron law of wages": if wages were left to the laws
of supply and demand, they would fall to near subsistence level. Believed the government should have
no part in regulation. Said that the "invisible hand" of the economy would bring continued economic
growth, with the bulk of profit going into employers' pockets.
Utopian Socialism - Answers Ideas were partly shaped by their reaction against the social consequences
of economic liberalism. Considered the living conditions of the laboring poor. The "social question" was
their miserable living conditions. Envisioned a world of cooperation. They were optimistic about the
power of science and technology to construct new social and political institutions.
Charles Fourier - Answers (1772-1837) Utopian socialist. Said the art of selling was the practice of lying
and deception. Wanted to improve the conditions of humanity. Believed that history moved in cycles
toward a more perfect future and that the next stage would be based on mankind's discovery that the
principles of cooperation and harmony would free everyone from the repression of bourgeois
individualism.
Robert Owen - Answers Utopian socialist. Believed education and environment could shape the spirit of
cooperation. Worked on factory reforms for children by limiting hours and increasing wages. Started the
New Lanark schools and fought for women's equality, emphasizing the special qualities of motherhood.
Scientific Socialism - Answers Belief that social and political developments are determined by economic
conditions. Related to Marxism.
Karl Marx - Answers (1818-1883) "Communist Manifesto." (1848) Scientific socialist who believed the
scientific certainty of class struggle was inevitable. Believed a revolution by workers would be prepared
by the organizational efforts of a group of committed revolutionaries.
Friedrich Engels - Answers (1820-1895) "The Conditions of the Working Classes of England." (1844)
Developed Marxist Theory with Karl Marx. Supported Marx's idea of revolution and communist triumph.
Co-authored "Communist Manifesto" and continued Marx's work after his death.
Marxism vs. Utopian Socialism - Answers Both raise the issue of property and redistribution. Both
emphasize the need to consider poor labor conditions. Utopian socialists emphasize cooperation,
whereas Marxism emphasizes revolution.
Revolutions of 1848 - Answers Split between liberals and radicals after the revolution. Resistance from
social and political forces.
French Political Revolution - Answers (February 1848) The desire for a republic and universal suffrage
intensified. Caught between nobles insisting that the monarchy lacked dynasty legitimacy and
republicans demanding a regime based on popular sovereignty. Republicans campaigned for electoral
reform. Workers demanded the right to vote and state assistance for their trades. France's premier,
, Francois Guizot, banned the electoral reform campaign, leading Louis-Philippe to dismiss him. Protests
continued and the Second French Republic was established.
Louis Blanc - Answers (1811-1882) Looked to governments to give scientists a free hand in applying their
talents to the betterment of the human condition. He argued for the "right to work," which would
require employment in times of distress and decent wage in the face of unchecked competition. Brought
workers together through workshops in the hopes of increasing workers' influence on government
through the establishment of universal suffrage.
French Social Revolution - Answers (June 1848) National Workshops were closed, leading to uprising of
the working class called the "June Days." This lasted for 3 days and led to 15,000 deaths. Workers were
pitted against the bourgeoisie. Many people believed Louis Napoleon could restore stability, who won
over those who supported a republic.
Habsburg Monarchy - Answers Liberals opposed Habsburg autocracy. They wanted constitutional
reform, emancipation of the peasantry, greater administrative efficiency, freedom of the press, and
expansion of the electoral franchise. Lajos Kassuth led in the main goal of reaching an independent
Hungary. He saw their partnership with Austria as an obstacle to liberal reform and Magyar nationalism.
Crowds demanded reform in March, where several people were killed.
Alexander Bach - Answers (1813-1893) Minister of the interior for Austria. Reformed the Habsburg legal
system. Introduced the "Bach System," which involved carefully coordinated bureaucratic surveillance,
spying, and repression that helped to get rid of political opposition.
Realpolitik - Answers Bismarck's type of politics. The pursuit of a nation's self-interest based on a
realistic assessment of the costs and consequences of action. Absence of moral or ethical
considerations, overrun by Bismarck's unshakable determination to enhance the power of the Prussian
monarchy and nobility. He wanted to create a modern bureaucratic state that would be strong and
secular.
Napoleon III - Answers First president of France (1848-1851). When he could not constitutionally be
reelected, he assumed the title of Emperor of France, establishing the Second French Empire. He worked
to modernize the economy, rebuild the center of Paris, expand the overseas empire, and increase state
power.
Georges Haussmann - Answers (1809-1891) Napoleon III placed the planning of rebuilding Paris in his
hands, which began the most extensive project of urban renewal since the rebuilding of London. The
pair wanted to facilitate the expansion of commerce and industry through the creation of long, wide
boulevards, which would be lined by apartment buildings. They also wanted to make Paris a healthier
place by building clean water sources and sewers.
Crimean War - Answers (1853-1856) Russian war against the Ottoman Empire for control and access to
the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Appearance of Florence Nightingale who exposed the poor
David Ricardo - Answers (1772-1823) British economist (economic liberalist). "Principles of Political
Economy and Taxation." Assumed the existence of an "iron law of wages": if wages were left to the laws
of supply and demand, they would fall to near subsistence level. Believed the government should have
no part in regulation. Said that the "invisible hand" of the economy would bring continued economic
growth, with the bulk of profit going into employers' pockets.
Utopian Socialism - Answers Ideas were partly shaped by their reaction against the social consequences
of economic liberalism. Considered the living conditions of the laboring poor. The "social question" was
their miserable living conditions. Envisioned a world of cooperation. They were optimistic about the
power of science and technology to construct new social and political institutions.
Charles Fourier - Answers (1772-1837) Utopian socialist. Said the art of selling was the practice of lying
and deception. Wanted to improve the conditions of humanity. Believed that history moved in cycles
toward a more perfect future and that the next stage would be based on mankind's discovery that the
principles of cooperation and harmony would free everyone from the repression of bourgeois
individualism.
Robert Owen - Answers Utopian socialist. Believed education and environment could shape the spirit of
cooperation. Worked on factory reforms for children by limiting hours and increasing wages. Started the
New Lanark schools and fought for women's equality, emphasizing the special qualities of motherhood.
Scientific Socialism - Answers Belief that social and political developments are determined by economic
conditions. Related to Marxism.
Karl Marx - Answers (1818-1883) "Communist Manifesto." (1848) Scientific socialist who believed the
scientific certainty of class struggle was inevitable. Believed a revolution by workers would be prepared
by the organizational efforts of a group of committed revolutionaries.
Friedrich Engels - Answers (1820-1895) "The Conditions of the Working Classes of England." (1844)
Developed Marxist Theory with Karl Marx. Supported Marx's idea of revolution and communist triumph.
Co-authored "Communist Manifesto" and continued Marx's work after his death.
Marxism vs. Utopian Socialism - Answers Both raise the issue of property and redistribution. Both
emphasize the need to consider poor labor conditions. Utopian socialists emphasize cooperation,
whereas Marxism emphasizes revolution.
Revolutions of 1848 - Answers Split between liberals and radicals after the revolution. Resistance from
social and political forces.
French Political Revolution - Answers (February 1848) The desire for a republic and universal suffrage
intensified. Caught between nobles insisting that the monarchy lacked dynasty legitimacy and
republicans demanding a regime based on popular sovereignty. Republicans campaigned for electoral
reform. Workers demanded the right to vote and state assistance for their trades. France's premier,
, Francois Guizot, banned the electoral reform campaign, leading Louis-Philippe to dismiss him. Protests
continued and the Second French Republic was established.
Louis Blanc - Answers (1811-1882) Looked to governments to give scientists a free hand in applying their
talents to the betterment of the human condition. He argued for the "right to work," which would
require employment in times of distress and decent wage in the face of unchecked competition. Brought
workers together through workshops in the hopes of increasing workers' influence on government
through the establishment of universal suffrage.
French Social Revolution - Answers (June 1848) National Workshops were closed, leading to uprising of
the working class called the "June Days." This lasted for 3 days and led to 15,000 deaths. Workers were
pitted against the bourgeoisie. Many people believed Louis Napoleon could restore stability, who won
over those who supported a republic.
Habsburg Monarchy - Answers Liberals opposed Habsburg autocracy. They wanted constitutional
reform, emancipation of the peasantry, greater administrative efficiency, freedom of the press, and
expansion of the electoral franchise. Lajos Kassuth led in the main goal of reaching an independent
Hungary. He saw their partnership with Austria as an obstacle to liberal reform and Magyar nationalism.
Crowds demanded reform in March, where several people were killed.
Alexander Bach - Answers (1813-1893) Minister of the interior for Austria. Reformed the Habsburg legal
system. Introduced the "Bach System," which involved carefully coordinated bureaucratic surveillance,
spying, and repression that helped to get rid of political opposition.
Realpolitik - Answers Bismarck's type of politics. The pursuit of a nation's self-interest based on a
realistic assessment of the costs and consequences of action. Absence of moral or ethical
considerations, overrun by Bismarck's unshakable determination to enhance the power of the Prussian
monarchy and nobility. He wanted to create a modern bureaucratic state that would be strong and
secular.
Napoleon III - Answers First president of France (1848-1851). When he could not constitutionally be
reelected, he assumed the title of Emperor of France, establishing the Second French Empire. He worked
to modernize the economy, rebuild the center of Paris, expand the overseas empire, and increase state
power.
Georges Haussmann - Answers (1809-1891) Napoleon III placed the planning of rebuilding Paris in his
hands, which began the most extensive project of urban renewal since the rebuilding of London. The
pair wanted to facilitate the expansion of commerce and industry through the creation of long, wide
boulevards, which would be lined by apartment buildings. They also wanted to make Paris a healthier
place by building clean water sources and sewers.
Crimean War - Answers (1853-1856) Russian war against the Ottoman Empire for control and access to
the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Appearance of Florence Nightingale who exposed the poor
