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HPNU 3060 Human Physiology Test with verified answers

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HPNU 3060 Human Physiology Test with verified answers

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HPNU 3060 Human Physiology Test
with verified answers

Local communication types - correct answer ✔gap junction - connection between adjacent
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cells which allows for chemical and electrical communication
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contact dependent - cells have to touch for a ligand to go to a receptor on the second cell
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autocrine - signal is released from a cell and acts on its own receptor
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paracrine - signal is released from a cell and acts on the adjacent cell and binds to a
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receptor


Long distance communications types - correct answer ✔Endocrine system - slower than
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nervous, longer period of time; endocrine cell secretes hormone that is released into the
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blood stream; hormone binds with a target cell that has a receptor and initiates response;
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sensor and integrating center are the same cell
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Nervous system - faster than endocrine, shorter time period; electrical signal goes from
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neuron straight to target cell and initiates a respone
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Neurohormones - mix of both; electrical signal is fast going through axon and releases |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




chemicals into the blood stream that move slowly to target cell with receptor
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Basic signal transduction - correct answer ✔1. signal molecule (ligand) is produced
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2. ligand is released into body (1st messenger)
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3. combine w/ receptor, activation of target cell
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, 4. intracellular signal occurs (secondary messenger)
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5. target proteins
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6. response
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Lipophilic vs. lipophobic - correct answer ✔lipophilic - ligand diffuses through cell
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membrane and attaches to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus; slower response related to
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gene activity ||||||




lipophobic - ligand binds to receptor on cell membrane wall; rapid response
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signal amplification - correct answer ✔signals are "expensive" and are hard for the body to
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make so the body amplifies the signal until it reaches its destination
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simple pathway vs. complex pathway - correct answer ✔simple = faster
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complex = slower |||||| ||||||




up regulation - correct answer ✔is example of exocytosis; cell creates more receptors to be
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more responsive ||||||




down regulation - correct answer ✔is example of endocytosis; cell brings receptors back in
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to become less responsive; know example of drug overdose
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sympathetic - correct answer ✔fight or flight; increases HR |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




parasympathetic - correct answer ✔rest or digest; decreases HR |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




integrating center - correct answer ✔determines if signal meets threshold to make output
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signal

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