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Oferta y demanda Elasticidad Competencia perfecta/monopolio Macroeconomía: PIB, inflación, desempleo Política fiscal y monetaria

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Apuntes de Economía 2
1. Oferta y Demanda
La ley de la oferta y la demanda establece que el precio de un bien se ajusta hasta alcanzar
un equilibrio donde la cantidad demandada es igual a la ofrecida.
- La demanda tiene pendiente negativa: a mayor precio, menor cantidad demandada.
- La oferta tiene pendiente positiva: a mayor precio, mayor cantidad ofrecida.
- El equilibrio se da cuando ambas curvas se intersectan.


2. Elasticidad
La elasticidad mide cómo cambia la cantidad demandada u ofrecida ante cambios en el
precio.
- Elasticidad-precio de la demanda: sensible al cambio de precio.
- Demanda elástica (>1), inelástica (<1) o unitaria (=1).
- También existe elasticidad ingreso y cruzada.


3. Competencia Perfecta y Monopolio
En competencia perfecta:
- Muchos vendedores y compradores.
- Productos homogéneos.
- Libre entrada y salida del mercado.

En monopolio:
- Un solo productor.
- Control sobre el precio.
- Barreras de entrada altas.


4. PIB, Inflación y Desempleo
- PIB (Producto Interno Bruto): valor total de bienes y servicios producidos.
- Inflación: aumento generalizado de los precios.
- Desempleo: porcentaje de personas activas que buscan trabajo sin encontrarlo.


5. Política Fiscal y Monetaria
- Política fiscal: decisiones del gobierno sobre gasto e impuestos.
- Política monetaria: control de la oferta monetaria y tasas de interés por el banco central.
- Ambas buscan estabilizar la economía, controlar inflación y fomentar el empleo.
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