NURS 1141 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Gestational diabetes ANSW✅✅Diagnosed during second or third trimester of pregnancy. If
diagnosed in first trimester it is considered type 2 diabetes. More likely to have type 2 diabetes after
pregnancy.
Microvascular complications of diabetes ANSW✅✅Arise from the destruction of the capillaries in
the eyes, kidneys and peripheral tissues
Macrovascular complications of diabetes ANSW✅✅Associated with atherosclerosis of the middle
two large arteries such as the heart and the brain
Examples of complications of diabetes ANSW✅✅Hypertension, MI, stroke, peripheral artery
disease leading to non-healing ulcers, infections, neuropathies, bladder incontinence, paresthesia,
periodontal disease, retinopathy leading to blindness, renal disease
Characteristics of metabolic syndrome ANSW✅✅presence of type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity,
hypertriglyceridemia, low HDLs, hypertension, BMI over 25
Normal fasting glucose level ANSW✅✅<100 mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) ANSW✅✅FPG at 100 mg/dL or greater but less than 126 mg/dL
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) ANSW✅✅2-hour plasma glucose level at 140 or greater but less
than 199 mg/dL
hypoglycemia ANSW✅✅blood glucose level less than 60 mg/dL
normal hemoglobin A1C level ANSW✅✅<6%
, Metformin (Glucophage) ANSW✅✅Decreases hepatic glucose production, reduces absorption of
glucose in the small intestine, and increases insulin sensitivity which improves glucose uptake
(preferred oral antidiabetic)
Excessive alcohol intake with metformin ANSW✅✅Increases the effects of metformin, causing
hypoglycemia
Drugs that increase the effect of Metformin (cause hypoglycemia) ANSW✅✅Digoxin, furosemide,
morphine, and mangomyatin
Drugs that typically decrease the effects of antidiabetic agents (cause hyperglycemia)
ANSW✅✅Corticosteroids, diuretics, oral contraceptives, thyroid replacement hormones
Typical adverse effects of oral antidiabetic agents ANSW✅✅Abdominal cramping, nausea,
vomiting, anorexia
Serious side effects of metformin ANSW✅✅hypotension, malaise, respiratory distress
Glipizide (Glucatrol) ANSW✅✅Stimulates release of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas,
diminishes glucose production and metabolism of insulin by the liver
Serious adverse effects of Glucatrol ANSW✅✅Contains sulfa- patient may be allergic;
hypoglycemia, liver damage, blood imbalances, rash, itching
Drugs that enhance the effects of Glucatrol (cause hypoglycemia) ANSW✅✅MAOIs, alcohol,
androgens, sulfonimines
Repaglinide (Prandin) ANSW✅✅Stimulates the release of insulin from the beta cells of the
pancreas
What should the patient do if they skip a meal and are taking Prandin? ANSW✅✅Skip the dose of
Prandin. It has a very rapid onset and needs to be taken at mealtime. Will likely cause hypoglycemia
if taken without a meal.
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Gestational diabetes ANSW✅✅Diagnosed during second or third trimester of pregnancy. If
diagnosed in first trimester it is considered type 2 diabetes. More likely to have type 2 diabetes after
pregnancy.
Microvascular complications of diabetes ANSW✅✅Arise from the destruction of the capillaries in
the eyes, kidneys and peripheral tissues
Macrovascular complications of diabetes ANSW✅✅Associated with atherosclerosis of the middle
two large arteries such as the heart and the brain
Examples of complications of diabetes ANSW✅✅Hypertension, MI, stroke, peripheral artery
disease leading to non-healing ulcers, infections, neuropathies, bladder incontinence, paresthesia,
periodontal disease, retinopathy leading to blindness, renal disease
Characteristics of metabolic syndrome ANSW✅✅presence of type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity,
hypertriglyceridemia, low HDLs, hypertension, BMI over 25
Normal fasting glucose level ANSW✅✅<100 mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) ANSW✅✅FPG at 100 mg/dL or greater but less than 126 mg/dL
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) ANSW✅✅2-hour plasma glucose level at 140 or greater but less
than 199 mg/dL
hypoglycemia ANSW✅✅blood glucose level less than 60 mg/dL
normal hemoglobin A1C level ANSW✅✅<6%
, Metformin (Glucophage) ANSW✅✅Decreases hepatic glucose production, reduces absorption of
glucose in the small intestine, and increases insulin sensitivity which improves glucose uptake
(preferred oral antidiabetic)
Excessive alcohol intake with metformin ANSW✅✅Increases the effects of metformin, causing
hypoglycemia
Drugs that increase the effect of Metformin (cause hypoglycemia) ANSW✅✅Digoxin, furosemide,
morphine, and mangomyatin
Drugs that typically decrease the effects of antidiabetic agents (cause hyperglycemia)
ANSW✅✅Corticosteroids, diuretics, oral contraceptives, thyroid replacement hormones
Typical adverse effects of oral antidiabetic agents ANSW✅✅Abdominal cramping, nausea,
vomiting, anorexia
Serious side effects of metformin ANSW✅✅hypotension, malaise, respiratory distress
Glipizide (Glucatrol) ANSW✅✅Stimulates release of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas,
diminishes glucose production and metabolism of insulin by the liver
Serious adverse effects of Glucatrol ANSW✅✅Contains sulfa- patient may be allergic;
hypoglycemia, liver damage, blood imbalances, rash, itching
Drugs that enhance the effects of Glucatrol (cause hypoglycemia) ANSW✅✅MAOIs, alcohol,
androgens, sulfonimines
Repaglinide (Prandin) ANSW✅✅Stimulates the release of insulin from the beta cells of the
pancreas
What should the patient do if they skip a meal and are taking Prandin? ANSW✅✅Skip the dose of
Prandin. It has a very rapid onset and needs to be taken at mealtime. Will likely cause hypoglycemia
if taken without a meal.
