AQAGCSEBiology-Paper1 ro ro ro ro ro
1. Whatdoesanucleusdo?:Itcontainsgeneticmaterialandcontrolstheactivities of the
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cell
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2. Whatdoescytoplasmdo?:It'sagel-likesubstancewheremostofthechemical
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reactions happen.It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
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3. What does a cell membrane do?:It holds the cell together and controlswhat goes
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in and out
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4. What do mitochondria do?:These are where most of the reactions for aerobic
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respiration occur.Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
5. What do ribosomes do?:This is where protein synthesistakes place -where
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proteins are made in the cell
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6. What do cell walls do?:They are made of cellulose and they supportand
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strengthen the cell
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7. What does a vacuole do?:It contains cellsap and helps maintain the shape of the cell
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8. What do chloroplasts do?: This is where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food
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for the plant.They contain chlorophyll - a green pigment - which absorbs light needed for
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
photosynthesis
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9. What do bacterial cells contain?: Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, flagella,
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ribosomes, mitochondria, slime capsule, plasmids (small rings of DNA) and a single
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circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm
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10. What do bacterial cells NOT contain?:A nucleus ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
11. What is the equation for magnification?:Image size divided by actual size ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
12. What is differentiation?:Theprocessbywhich a cellchanges tobecome ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
specialised for its job
ro ro ro ro
13. What are undifferentiated cells called?:Stem cells ro ro ro ro ro ro
14. What are spermcells specialised forandhow are they specialised?:Re- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
production - they transport the male DNA to the female DNA
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-It has a flagella and a streamlined head to help it swim towards the egg
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-There are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
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-It carries enzymes in its head to help digest through the egg cell membranes
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15. What are nerve cells specialised forandhow are they specialised?:Rapid ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
signalling - they carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
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-They are long to cover more distance
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-Theyhave branched connectionsattheir endsto connectto othernerve cellsand form a
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network throughout the body
ro ro ro ro
16. Whataremusclecellsspecialisedforandhowaretheyspecialised?:Con- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
traction - they need to contract quickly
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-Theyare long so theyhave space to contract
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-They contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
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1/23 ro ro
, AQAGCSEBiology-Paper1 ro ro ro ro ro
17. Whatareroothaircellsspecialisedforandhowaretheyspecialised?:Ab- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
sorbing water and minerals
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-Theyarecellsonthesurfaceofplantrootswhichgrowintolonghairsthatstickout into the so
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Theyhave a large surface area for absorbing water and mineralions from the soil
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
18. Whatarechromosomes?:CoileduplengthsofDNAmoleculesthatarefound in the ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
nuclei
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19. Whatdomulticellularorganismsusemitosisfor?:Togroworreplacecells that ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
have been damaged
ro ro ro
20. Whatarestemcells?:Theyareundifferentiatedcellsthatdividetoproducelots more ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
undifferentiated cells.They then differentiate into different types of cell
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
21. Wherearestemcellsfound?:Inearlyhumanembryosorthebonemarrowof adults ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
22. What do embryonic stem cells do?:1) Used to replace faulty cells in sick ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
people-insulin-producingcellsfordiabetesandnervecellsforparalysedspinal
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
injuries
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2) Used to replace faulty blood cells
ro ro ro ro ro ro
23. Whatisdiffusion?:Diffusionisthemovementofparticlesfromanareaofhigh ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
concentration to an area of low concentration
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24. Namethesubstancesthatcandiffusethroughcellmembranes:Glucose, ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
water, oxygen and amino acids
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25. Nametwosubstancesthatcan'tdiffusethroughcellmembranes:Protein and ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
starch
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26. What is osmosis?: Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
through a partially permeable cell membrane from an area of high water concen-
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
tration to an area of low water concentration
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
27. Whatarethetwomaindifferencesbetweenactivetransportanddiffusion?- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
:Active transportusesenergywhereas diffusion doesn't.Active transportgoes against th
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
concentration gradient whereas diffusion goes along it
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
28. AdaptationsofExchangeSurfaces:1)Largesurfacearea-lotsofsubstances can ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
diffuse at once
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2) Lots of blood vessels - to get stuff into and out of the blood quickly
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3) Thin membrane - short distance for substances to diffuse
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4) Often ventilated - air movesin & out ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
29. Givetwowaysthatthevilliinthesmallintestineareadaptedforabsorbing ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
digested food: 1) A single layer of surface cells
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2) A very good blood supply to assist quick absorption
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30. Explain how the leaves are adapted to maximise the amount of carbon ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
dioxidethatgetsintotheircells:1)Theexchangesurfaceinaleafiscoveredin
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
2/23 ro ro
, AQAGCSEBiology-Paper1 ro ro ro ro ro
stomata which the carbon dioxide diffuses through ro ro ro ro ro ro
2) Theleafhasaflattenedshapewhichincreasestheareaofitsexchangesurface,
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therefore it's more effective
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3) The walls of the cells inside the leaf act as another exchange surface
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4) Theair spacesinside the leafincrease the areaof theexchange surface which
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increases the chance for carbon dioxide to enter the cells
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31. What affects the rate of diffusion?:Concentration gradient -the steeper the ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
gradient, the faster the rate
ro ro ro ro ro
Temperature-thehigherthetemperature,thefastertherate(theparticleshave more ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
energy thus move around faster)
ro ro ro ro ro
Surface area - the larger it is, the faster the rate ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Diffusion distance - the shorter the distance, the faster the rate ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
32. Examplesofactivetransport:Plants=Roothairsabsorbmineralsandwater. Each ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
branch of a root will be covered in tiny hairs, therefore increasing the surface area for the
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
absorption of minerals and water.The concentration of minerals is usuallyhigherinthe
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
roothaircellsthaninthesoilaroundthem,thereforetheycan't use diffusion for this
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
process.
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Animals = Glucose is taken in from the gut and from kidney tubules. ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
33. How are alveoli in the lungs specialised to maximise the diffusionof ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
oxygen and carbon dioxide?: -an enormous surface area
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-a moist lining for dissolving gases
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-very thin walls ro ro
-a good blood supply
ro ro ro
34. Howdofishrespire?:-Waterentersthefishthroughthemouthandpassesout ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
through the gills
ro ro ro
-During thisprocess,oxygen diffuses from the waterinto theblood in the gillsand carbon
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
dioxide diffuses from the blood into the water
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
35. How are fish adaptedfor gas exchange?:-Each gill ismade up of lotsof gill ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
filaments which create a large surface area for the exchange of gases
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Gill filamentsare covered in lamellae which increase the surface even more
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-The lamellae have lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Thelamellae have a thin surface layer of cells to minimise the diffusion distance
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Blood flows through the lamellae one way and water flows over in the opposite direction
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
whichmaintainsahigherconcentrationgradientbetweenthebloodand the water
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Theconcentrationofoxygeninthewaterisalwayshigherthanthatinthebloodto maximis
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
the amount of oxygen diffusion from the water into the blood
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
36. Microscopy Practical - Preparing the Slide:1) Add a drop of water to the middle ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
of a clean slide
ro ro ro ro
3/23 ro ro
1. Whatdoesanucleusdo?:Itcontainsgeneticmaterialandcontrolstheactivities of the
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
cell
ro
2. Whatdoescytoplasmdo?:It'sagel-likesubstancewheremostofthechemical
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
reactions happen.It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3. What does a cell membrane do?:It holds the cell together and controlswhat goes
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
in and out
ro ro ro
4. What do mitochondria do?:These are where most of the reactions for aerobic
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
respiration occur.Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
5. What do ribosomes do?:This is where protein synthesistakes place -where
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
proteins are made in the cell
ro ro ro ro ro ro
6. What do cell walls do?:They are made of cellulose and they supportand
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
strengthen the cell
ro ro ro
7. What does a vacuole do?:It contains cellsap and helps maintain the shape of the cell
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
8. What do chloroplasts do?: This is where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
for the plant.They contain chlorophyll - a green pigment - which absorbs light needed for
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
photosynthesis
ro
9. What do bacterial cells contain?: Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, flagella,
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
ribosomes, mitochondria, slime capsule, plasmids (small rings of DNA) and a single
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
10. What do bacterial cells NOT contain?:A nucleus ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
11. What is the equation for magnification?:Image size divided by actual size ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
12. What is differentiation?:Theprocessbywhich a cellchanges tobecome ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
specialised for its job
ro ro ro ro
13. What are undifferentiated cells called?:Stem cells ro ro ro ro ro ro
14. What are spermcells specialised forandhow are they specialised?:Re- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
production - they transport the male DNA to the female DNA
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-It has a flagella and a streamlined head to help it swim towards the egg
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-There are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-It carries enzymes in its head to help digest through the egg cell membranes
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
15. What are nerve cells specialised forandhow are they specialised?:Rapid ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
signalling - they carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-They are long to cover more distance
ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Theyhave branched connectionsattheir endsto connectto othernerve cellsand form a
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
network throughout the body
ro ro ro ro
16. Whataremusclecellsspecialisedforandhowaretheyspecialised?:Con- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
traction - they need to contract quickly
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Theyare long so theyhave space to contract
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-They contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
1/23 ro ro
, AQAGCSEBiology-Paper1 ro ro ro ro ro
17. Whatareroothaircellsspecialisedforandhowaretheyspecialised?:Ab- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
sorbing water and minerals
ro ro ro ro
-Theyarecellsonthesurfaceofplantrootswhichgrowintolonghairsthatstickout into the so
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Theyhave a large surface area for absorbing water and mineralions from the soil
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
18. Whatarechromosomes?:CoileduplengthsofDNAmoleculesthatarefound in the ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
nuclei
ro
19. Whatdomulticellularorganismsusemitosisfor?:Togroworreplacecells that ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
have been damaged
ro ro ro
20. Whatarestemcells?:Theyareundifferentiatedcellsthatdividetoproducelots more ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
undifferentiated cells.They then differentiate into different types of cell
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
21. Wherearestemcellsfound?:Inearlyhumanembryosorthebonemarrowof adults ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
22. What do embryonic stem cells do?:1) Used to replace faulty cells in sick ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
people-insulin-producingcellsfordiabetesandnervecellsforparalysedspinal
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
injuries
ro
2) Used to replace faulty blood cells
ro ro ro ro ro ro
23. Whatisdiffusion?:Diffusionisthemovementofparticlesfromanareaofhigh ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
concentration to an area of low concentration
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
24. Namethesubstancesthatcandiffusethroughcellmembranes:Glucose, ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
water, oxygen and amino acids
ro ro ro ro ro
25. Nametwosubstancesthatcan'tdiffusethroughcellmembranes:Protein and ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
starch
ro
26. What is osmosis?: Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
through a partially permeable cell membrane from an area of high water concen-
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
tration to an area of low water concentration
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
27. Whatarethetwomaindifferencesbetweenactivetransportanddiffusion?- ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
:Active transportusesenergywhereas diffusion doesn't.Active transportgoes against th
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
concentration gradient whereas diffusion goes along it
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
28. AdaptationsofExchangeSurfaces:1)Largesurfacearea-lotsofsubstances can ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
diffuse at once
ro ro ro
2) Lots of blood vessels - to get stuff into and out of the blood quickly
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3) Thin membrane - short distance for substances to diffuse
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
4) Often ventilated - air movesin & out ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
29. Givetwowaysthatthevilliinthesmallintestineareadaptedforabsorbing ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
digested food: 1) A single layer of surface cells
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
2) A very good blood supply to assist quick absorption
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
30. Explain how the leaves are adapted to maximise the amount of carbon ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
dioxidethatgetsintotheircells:1)Theexchangesurfaceinaleafiscoveredin
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
2/23 ro ro
, AQAGCSEBiology-Paper1 ro ro ro ro ro
stomata which the carbon dioxide diffuses through ro ro ro ro ro ro
2) Theleafhasaflattenedshapewhichincreasestheareaofitsexchangesurface,
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
therefore it's more effective
ro ro ro ro
3) The walls of the cells inside the leaf act as another exchange surface
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
4) Theair spacesinside the leafincrease the areaof theexchange surface which
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
increases the chance for carbon dioxide to enter the cells
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
31. What affects the rate of diffusion?:Concentration gradient -the steeper the ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
gradient, the faster the rate
ro ro ro ro ro
Temperature-thehigherthetemperature,thefastertherate(theparticleshave more ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
energy thus move around faster)
ro ro ro ro ro
Surface area - the larger it is, the faster the rate ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Diffusion distance - the shorter the distance, the faster the rate ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
32. Examplesofactivetransport:Plants=Roothairsabsorbmineralsandwater. Each ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
branch of a root will be covered in tiny hairs, therefore increasing the surface area for the
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
absorption of minerals and water.The concentration of minerals is usuallyhigherinthe
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
roothaircellsthaninthesoilaroundthem,thereforetheycan't use diffusion for this
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
process.
ro
Animals = Glucose is taken in from the gut and from kidney tubules. ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
33. How are alveoli in the lungs specialised to maximise the diffusionof ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
oxygen and carbon dioxide?: -an enormous surface area
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-a moist lining for dissolving gases
ro ro ro ro ro
-very thin walls ro ro
-a good blood supply
ro ro ro
34. Howdofishrespire?:-Waterentersthefishthroughthemouthandpassesout ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
through the gills
ro ro ro
-During thisprocess,oxygen diffuses from the waterinto theblood in the gillsand carbon
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
dioxide diffuses from the blood into the water
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
35. How are fish adaptedfor gas exchange?:-Each gill ismade up of lotsof gill ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
filaments which create a large surface area for the exchange of gases
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Gill filamentsare covered in lamellae which increase the surface even more
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-The lamellae have lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Thelamellae have a thin surface layer of cells to minimise the diffusion distance
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Blood flows through the lamellae one way and water flows over in the opposite direction
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
whichmaintainsahigherconcentrationgradientbetweenthebloodand the water
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
-Theconcentrationofoxygeninthewaterisalwayshigherthanthatinthebloodto maximis
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
the amount of oxygen diffusion from the water into the blood
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
36. Microscopy Practical - Preparing the Slide:1) Add a drop of water to the middle ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
of a clean slide
ro ro ro ro
3/23 ro ro
