.
,.
CHAPTER671:67The67Science67of67the67Mind
LEARNING67OBJECTIVES
1.1. Describe67the67scope67and67goals67of67cognitive67psychology.
1.2. Understand67the67case67of67H.M.,67and67the67many67ways67that67memory67influences67our67lives.
1.3. Describe67the67limitations67of67introspection67as67a67method67for67scientific67inquiry.
1.4. Compare67and67contrast67classical67(Watsonian)67behaviorism67and67cognitive67psychology.
1.5. Kant’s67“transcendental67method”67is67sometimes67called67“inference67to67best67explanation.”67Explain67this67method67and67h
ow67itworks.
1.6. Describe67the67role,67in67the67emergence67of67cognitive67psychology,67that67was67played67by67computer67science67and6
7the67develop-ment67of67“computer67intelligence.”
MULTIPLE67CHOICE
1. Which67of67the67following67topics67is67NOT67commonly67studied67within67cognitive67psychology?
a. anger67managemen c. memory
t
d. Attention
b. decision67making
ANS:6 7 A DIF: Easy REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psychology67OBJ: 1.1 MSC:67Understanding
2. Cognitive67processes67are67NOT67necessary67for67which67daily67activity?
a. reading67a67newspap c. talking67on67the67phone
er
d. breathing
b. studying67for67a67tes
t
ANS:6 7 D DIF: Easy REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psycho
logy
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Applying
3. Alyssa67wants67to67be67a67psychologist67but67is67unsure67which67topic67within67psychology67most67interest
s67her.67Which67of67the67following67topics67would67be67LEAST67likely67to67lead67her67into67cognitive67psychology?
a. amnesia c. Lyme67disease
b. language67acquisitio d. problem-solving67 strategies
n
,.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Easy REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psychology67OBJ: 1.1 MSC:67Applying
4. Consider67the67sequence67“Betsy67wanted67to67bring67Jacob67a67present.67She67shook67her67piggy67bank.”67
Most67people,67after67hearing67this67sequence,67believe67Betsy67was67checking67her67piggy67bank67to67see67if67she67had67mone
y67to67spend67on67the67gift.67This67inference67about67Betsy’s67goals67depends67on67the67fact67that
a. our67previous67knowledge67fills67in67background67information67whenever67we’re67understandi
ng67an67event67or67conversation.
b. readers67are67likely67to67know67someone67named67Jacob.
c. English,67unlike67other67languages,67requires67speakers67to67mention67all67of67the67people6
7involved67in67an67event.
d. the67individual67sentences67are67short.
ANS:6 7 A DIF: Easy REF:
The67Broad67Role67for67Memory67OBJ: 1.1 MSC:67Understanding
5. Which67of67the67following67statements67is67LEAST67likely67to67apply67to67patient67H.M.?
a. “He67cannot67remember67what67he67did67earlier67today,67including67events67that67took67place67just67an67hour67ago.”
b. “He67read67this67story67last67month,67but67he67was67still67surprised67by67how67the67story67turned67out.”
c. “Even67though67he67has67encountered67the67nurse67many67times,67he67is67still67unable67to67recognize67her.”
d. “He67remembered67that67it67was67only67a67week67ago67that67he’d67heard67the67sad67news67that67his67uncle67had67died.”
ANS:6 7 D DIF: Moderate REF:
Amnesia67and67Memory67Loss67OBJ: 1.2 MSC:67Applying
6. Research67with67H.M.67provides67an67illustration67for67which67major67theme67of67the67chapter?
a. Introspection67is67an67important67research67tool67for67cognitive67psychologists.
b. Cognitive67psychology67can67help67us67understand67a67wide67range67of67activities67that67depen
d67on67someone’s67ability67to67remember.
c. Memory67is67not67very67important.
d. The67disruption67caused67by67brain67damage67depends67on67how67widespread67the67damage67is
,67and67not67on67the67specific67sites67that67are67damaged.
ANS:6 7 6 7 B DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psycho
logy
OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating
7. Patients67suffering67from67clinical67amnesia67are67characterized67by
a. memory67dysfunction. c. inarticulate67speech.
b. an67inability67to67recognize67patt d. impaired67language67comprehension.
erns.
ANS:6 7 A DIF: Easy REF:
Amnesia67and67Memory67Loss67OBJ: 1.2 MSC:67Remembering
8. The67term67“introspection”67refers67to67the
a. process67by67which67one67individual67seeks67to67infer67the67thoughts67of67another67individual.
b. procedure67of67examining67thought67processing67by67monitoring67the67brain’s67electrical67activity.
, .
c. process67of67each67person67looking67within,67to67observe67his67or67her67own67thoughts67and67ideas.
d. technique67of67studying67thought67by67interpreting67the67symbols67used67in67communication.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Easy REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Remembering
9. A67participant67is67asked67to67look67within67himself67or67herself67and67report67on67his67or67her67own67mental67pro
cesses.67This67method
is67called
a. logical67inferenc c. introspection.
e.
d.
b. reconstruction.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Easy REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Remembering
10. Of67the67following,67introspection67is67LEAST67useful67for67studying
a. topics67that67are67strongly67colored67by67emotion.
b. mental67events67that67are67unconscious.
c. processes67that67involve67conceptual67knowledge.
d. events67that67take67a67long67time67to67unfold.
ANS:6 7 B DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Understanding
11. Which67of67the67following67statements67about67introspection67is67FALSE?
a. It67is67the67only67way67to67observe67conscious67events67directly.
b. It67is67subjective.
c. It67provides67strong67evidence67for67hypothesis-testing.
d. It67was67a67technique67used67historically67to67study67cognition.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Understanding
12. Genie67wonders67why67she67can67never67remember67the67names67of67new67acquaintances.67In67search67of67an67a
nswer,67she67examines67and67reflects67on67her67feelings67about67meeting67new67people.67Genie67is67engaged67in67which67proces
s?
a. practical67rehearsa c. learning67history67analysis
l
d. goal67retrieval
b. introspection
ANS:6 7 B DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Applying
13. Introspection67was67employed67as67a67research67tool67in67the67late671800s67because
a. it67was67regarded67as67the67only67way67to67observe67the67mind’s67contents67directly.
b. it67provided67data67from67individuals67without67any67specialized67training.
c. conscious67events67are67just67as67important67as67unconscious67events.
,.
CHAPTER671:67The67Science67of67the67Mind
LEARNING67OBJECTIVES
1.1. Describe67the67scope67and67goals67of67cognitive67psychology.
1.2. Understand67the67case67of67H.M.,67and67the67many67ways67that67memory67influences67our67lives.
1.3. Describe67the67limitations67of67introspection67as67a67method67for67scientific67inquiry.
1.4. Compare67and67contrast67classical67(Watsonian)67behaviorism67and67cognitive67psychology.
1.5. Kant’s67“transcendental67method”67is67sometimes67called67“inference67to67best67explanation.”67Explain67this67method67and67h
ow67itworks.
1.6. Describe67the67role,67in67the67emergence67of67cognitive67psychology,67that67was67played67by67computer67science67and6
7the67develop-ment67of67“computer67intelligence.”
MULTIPLE67CHOICE
1. Which67of67the67following67topics67is67NOT67commonly67studied67within67cognitive67psychology?
a. anger67managemen c. memory
t
d. Attention
b. decision67making
ANS:6 7 A DIF: Easy REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psychology67OBJ: 1.1 MSC:67Understanding
2. Cognitive67processes67are67NOT67necessary67for67which67daily67activity?
a. reading67a67newspap c. talking67on67the67phone
er
d. breathing
b. studying67for67a67tes
t
ANS:6 7 D DIF: Easy REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psycho
logy
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Applying
3. Alyssa67wants67to67be67a67psychologist67but67is67unsure67which67topic67within67psychology67most67interest
s67her.67Which67of67the67following67topics67would67be67LEAST67likely67to67lead67her67into67cognitive67psychology?
a. amnesia c. Lyme67disease
b. language67acquisitio d. problem-solving67 strategies
n
,.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Easy REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psychology67OBJ: 1.1 MSC:67Applying
4. Consider67the67sequence67“Betsy67wanted67to67bring67Jacob67a67present.67She67shook67her67piggy67bank.”67
Most67people,67after67hearing67this67sequence,67believe67Betsy67was67checking67her67piggy67bank67to67see67if67she67had67mone
y67to67spend67on67the67gift.67This67inference67about67Betsy’s67goals67depends67on67the67fact67that
a. our67previous67knowledge67fills67in67background67information67whenever67we’re67understandi
ng67an67event67or67conversation.
b. readers67are67likely67to67know67someone67named67Jacob.
c. English,67unlike67other67languages,67requires67speakers67to67mention67all67of67the67people6
7involved67in67an67event.
d. the67individual67sentences67are67short.
ANS:6 7 A DIF: Easy REF:
The67Broad67Role67for67Memory67OBJ: 1.1 MSC:67Understanding
5. Which67of67the67following67statements67is67LEAST67likely67to67apply67to67patient67H.M.?
a. “He67cannot67remember67what67he67did67earlier67today,67including67events67that67took67place67just67an67hour67ago.”
b. “He67read67this67story67last67month,67but67he67was67still67surprised67by67how67the67story67turned67out.”
c. “Even67though67he67has67encountered67the67nurse67many67times,67he67is67still67unable67to67recognize67her.”
d. “He67remembered67that67it67was67only67a67week67ago67that67he’d67heard67the67sad67news67that67his67uncle67had67died.”
ANS:6 7 D DIF: Moderate REF:
Amnesia67and67Memory67Loss67OBJ: 1.2 MSC:67Applying
6. Research67with67H.M.67provides67an67illustration67for67which67major67theme67of67the67chapter?
a. Introspection67is67an67important67research67tool67for67cognitive67psychologists.
b. Cognitive67psychology67can67help67us67understand67a67wide67range67of67activities67that67depen
d67on67someone’s67ability67to67remember.
c. Memory67is67not67very67important.
d. The67disruption67caused67by67brain67damage67depends67on67how67widespread67the67damage67is
,67and67not67on67the67specific67sites67that67are67damaged.
ANS:6 7 6 7 B DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Scope67of67Cognitive67Psycho
logy
OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating
7. Patients67suffering67from67clinical67amnesia67are67characterized67by
a. memory67dysfunction. c. inarticulate67speech.
b. an67inability67to67recognize67patt d. impaired67language67comprehension.
erns.
ANS:6 7 A DIF: Easy REF:
Amnesia67and67Memory67Loss67OBJ: 1.2 MSC:67Remembering
8. The67term67“introspection”67refers67to67the
a. process67by67which67one67individual67seeks67to67infer67the67thoughts67of67another67individual.
b. procedure67of67examining67thought67processing67by67monitoring67the67brain’s67electrical67activity.
, .
c. process67of67each67person67looking67within,67to67observe67his67or67her67own67thoughts67and67ideas.
d. technique67of67studying67thought67by67interpreting67the67symbols67used67in67communication.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Easy REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Remembering
9. A67participant67is67asked67to67look67within67himself67or67herself67and67report67on67his67or67her67own67mental67pro
cesses.67This67method
is67called
a. logical67inferenc c. introspection.
e.
d.
b. reconstruction.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Easy REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Remembering
10. Of67the67following,67introspection67is67LEAST67useful67for67studying
a. topics67that67are67strongly67colored67by67emotion.
b. mental67events67that67are67unconscious.
c. processes67that67involve67conceptual67knowledge.
d. events67that67take67a67long67time67to67unfold.
ANS:6 7 B DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Understanding
11. Which67of67the67following67statements67about67introspection67is67FALSE?
a. It67is67the67only67way67to67observe67conscious67events67directly.
b. It67is67subjective.
c. It67provides67strong67evidence67for67hypothesis-testing.
d. It67was67a67technique67used67historically67to67study67cognition.
ANS:6 7 C DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Understanding
12. Genie67wonders67why67she67can67never67remember67the67names67of67new67acquaintances.67In67search67of67an67a
nswer,67she67examines67and67reflects67on67her67feelings67about67meeting67new67people.67Genie67is67engaged67in67which67proces
s?
a. practical67rehearsa c. learning67history67analysis
l
d. goal67retrieval
b. introspection
ANS:6 7 B DIF: Moderate REF:
The67Limits67of67Introspection67OBJ: 1.3 MSC:67Applying
13. Introspection67was67employed67as67a67research67tool67in67the67late671800s67because
a. it67was67regarded67as67the67only67way67to67observe67the67mind’s67contents67directly.
b. it67provided67data67from67individuals67without67any67specialized67training.
c. conscious67events67are67just67as67important67as67unconscious67events.
