NSB 236 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025 RATED A+
What is the biology of cancer? - Answers Defective cell proliferation and defective cell differentiation.
What are the three stages of cancer development? - Answers Initiation, promotion and progression.
What are the characteristics of benign neoplasms? - Answers Usually encapsulated, normally
differentiated, nil metastases, rare recurrence, slight vascularity, and expansive growth.
What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms? - Answers Rarely encapsulated, poorly
differentiated, capable of metastasis, possible recurrence, moderate to marked vascularity, and
infiltrative growth.
What is the aim of chemotherapy? - Answers To reduce or eliminate malignant cells.
What is dysplasia? - Answers The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue.
How is cancer growth staged? - Answers From stage 0 (cells are in situ) to stage 4 (cells have
metastasised).
What are the four stages of radiation therapy? - Answers Energy beams absorb into tissue, ionisation
occurs, leading to the breakdown of cell DNA bonds.
What are the side effects of chemotherapy? - Answers Nausea and vomiting, malnutrition,
inflammation, diarrhoea/constipation and toxicities.
What is angiogenesis? - Answers The formation of new blood vessels.
What are the meninges? - Answers The three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal
cord.
What is anaplasia? - Answers The lack of cellular differentiation.
What is an oncogene? - Answers A mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
What is a vesicant? - Answers An agent that causes blistering.
What is nadir? - Answers The lowest possible blood cell count during chemotherapy.
What is a neoplasm? - Answers A new and abnormal growth of tissue.
What is leucopenia? - Answers An abnormally low white blood cell count.
What is thrombocytopenia? - Answers A low level of platelets in the blood.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in the blood? - Answers 4,500-11,000.
What is the normal range of thrombocytes in the blood? - Answers 150,000-450,000 per micro-litre.
, What are the types of white blood cells? - Answers Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and
leukocytes.
What does ectomy refer to? - Answers Excision or removal of.
What does lysis refer to? - Answers Destruction of.
What does orrhaphy refer to? - Answers The repair or suture of.
What does ostomy refer to? - Answers The creation of opening into.
What does otomy refer to? - Answers The cutting into or incision of.
What are the four types of trauma? - Answers Non-penetrating, penetrating, thermal and electrical.
What are the common causes of thoracic trauma? - Answers Seatbelt injury, crush injury and
penetrating injury.
What is a pneumonia/haemothorax? - Answers Air or blood in the pleural space.
What is a tension pneumothorax? - Answers A tension pneumothorax is when a pneumothorax causes
haemodynamic compromise. This occurs when the air entering the pleural space does so via a pleural
breach which functions as a one way valve.
What is the first-line treatment for a pneumothorax/haemothorax? - Answers An intercostal catheter or
underwater sealed drainage.
What are the 6 P's of neuromuscular assessment? - Answers Pain, pallor (colour), paraesthesia (pins and
needles), paralysis, pulses, and polar.
What is compartment syndrome? - Answers Increased pressure in any of the 46 anatomical
compartments of the body leading to cellular dysfunction, vascular and neural compression, and tissue
ischaemia.
What is ischaemia? - Answers Loss of blood supply to a tissue due to impeded arterial supply.
What are the goals of treating haemorrhage? - Answers Optimise oxygenation, monitor patient
frequently and aim for a temperature of above 35.5 and pH of above 7.2.
What is cancer? - Answers A single cell that does not conform to regular cell differentiation and
proliferation.
What are the symptoms of cancer? - Answers Persistent fever, changes to pallor, frequent infections,
unexplained weight loss, fatigue, coughing up blood, headaches, and chronic pain.
What is a carcinoma? - Answers Tumours of the skin and mucous membrane.
What is a sarcoma? - Answers Tumours of the connective tissue and bone.
What is the biology of cancer? - Answers Defective cell proliferation and defective cell differentiation.
What are the three stages of cancer development? - Answers Initiation, promotion and progression.
What are the characteristics of benign neoplasms? - Answers Usually encapsulated, normally
differentiated, nil metastases, rare recurrence, slight vascularity, and expansive growth.
What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms? - Answers Rarely encapsulated, poorly
differentiated, capable of metastasis, possible recurrence, moderate to marked vascularity, and
infiltrative growth.
What is the aim of chemotherapy? - Answers To reduce or eliminate malignant cells.
What is dysplasia? - Answers The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue.
How is cancer growth staged? - Answers From stage 0 (cells are in situ) to stage 4 (cells have
metastasised).
What are the four stages of radiation therapy? - Answers Energy beams absorb into tissue, ionisation
occurs, leading to the breakdown of cell DNA bonds.
What are the side effects of chemotherapy? - Answers Nausea and vomiting, malnutrition,
inflammation, diarrhoea/constipation and toxicities.
What is angiogenesis? - Answers The formation of new blood vessels.
What are the meninges? - Answers The three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal
cord.
What is anaplasia? - Answers The lack of cellular differentiation.
What is an oncogene? - Answers A mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
What is a vesicant? - Answers An agent that causes blistering.
What is nadir? - Answers The lowest possible blood cell count during chemotherapy.
What is a neoplasm? - Answers A new and abnormal growth of tissue.
What is leucopenia? - Answers An abnormally low white blood cell count.
What is thrombocytopenia? - Answers A low level of platelets in the blood.
What is the normal range of leukocytes in the blood? - Answers 4,500-11,000.
What is the normal range of thrombocytes in the blood? - Answers 150,000-450,000 per micro-litre.
, What are the types of white blood cells? - Answers Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and
leukocytes.
What does ectomy refer to? - Answers Excision or removal of.
What does lysis refer to? - Answers Destruction of.
What does orrhaphy refer to? - Answers The repair or suture of.
What does ostomy refer to? - Answers The creation of opening into.
What does otomy refer to? - Answers The cutting into or incision of.
What are the four types of trauma? - Answers Non-penetrating, penetrating, thermal and electrical.
What are the common causes of thoracic trauma? - Answers Seatbelt injury, crush injury and
penetrating injury.
What is a pneumonia/haemothorax? - Answers Air or blood in the pleural space.
What is a tension pneumothorax? - Answers A tension pneumothorax is when a pneumothorax causes
haemodynamic compromise. This occurs when the air entering the pleural space does so via a pleural
breach which functions as a one way valve.
What is the first-line treatment for a pneumothorax/haemothorax? - Answers An intercostal catheter or
underwater sealed drainage.
What are the 6 P's of neuromuscular assessment? - Answers Pain, pallor (colour), paraesthesia (pins and
needles), paralysis, pulses, and polar.
What is compartment syndrome? - Answers Increased pressure in any of the 46 anatomical
compartments of the body leading to cellular dysfunction, vascular and neural compression, and tissue
ischaemia.
What is ischaemia? - Answers Loss of blood supply to a tissue due to impeded arterial supply.
What are the goals of treating haemorrhage? - Answers Optimise oxygenation, monitor patient
frequently and aim for a temperature of above 35.5 and pH of above 7.2.
What is cancer? - Answers A single cell that does not conform to regular cell differentiation and
proliferation.
What are the symptoms of cancer? - Answers Persistent fever, changes to pallor, frequent infections,
unexplained weight loss, fatigue, coughing up blood, headaches, and chronic pain.
What is a carcinoma? - Answers Tumours of the skin and mucous membrane.
What is a sarcoma? - Answers Tumours of the connective tissue and bone.
