,HED4806 Assignment 2 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) semester 1 2025 DUE
April 2025;100% CORRECT AND TRUSTED SOLUTIONS
Question 1 (a) – Comparative and International Education (Chapter 8)
1. Define “Comparative and International Education.” (4 marks)
2. Discuss any four phases in the historical evolution of the field of
Comparative and International Education. (8 marks)
3. Discuss four areas that show the value and purpose of comparative
education and its contribution to education. (8 marks)
Total: 20 marks
Question 1 (a) – Comparative and International Education
1. Define “Comparative and International Education.” (4
marks)
Comparative and International Education is an
interdisciplinary field of study that examines education systems,
processes, and outcomes across different countries and cultures.
It involves the systematic comparison of educational theories,
policies, and practices globally to understand how social,
political, economic, historical, and cultural contexts influence
education.
The field is divided into two interrelated components:
Comparative Education focuses on analyzing and
comparing educational systems, outcomes, and challenges
across countries.
International Education deals with global trends in
education, such as international collaboration, educational
development, globalization, and education for international
understanding.
,Together, they aim to improve educational policy and practice
through cross-national learning and by applying insights gained
from other educational systems to one’s own.
2. Discuss any four phases in the historical evolution of the
field of Comparative and International Education. (8 marks)
The development of Comparative and International Education
can be divided into distinct historical phases that reflect
evolving methodologies, goals, and global contexts:
Phase 1: Descriptive Phase (Pre-1900s – Early 20th Century)
This initial phase was characterized by the descriptive and
impressionistic comparison of education systems. Early
scholars like Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris laid the foundation
by advocating for systematic educational comparisons.
However, the work was mainly narrative and lacked scientific
methodology. The primary goal was to learn from other
countries to improve national education systems.
Phase 2: Analytical and Explanatory Phase (1920s–1950s)
During this period, the field moved beyond mere description to
include analysis and explanation of why educational systems
differed. Influenced by the rise of social sciences (particularly
sociology and psychology), scholars began exploring how
social, economic, and cultural factors shape education. The work
of Nicholas Hans and Isaac Kandel emphasized the role of
national character and historical context in educational
development.
, Phase 3: Social Science-Oriented Phase (1960s–1980s)
In this phase, comparative education adopted a more scientific
and research-based approach, incorporating methodologies
from sociology, political science, and economics. The focus
shifted toward educational planning and development,
especially in newly independent countries. International
organizations like UNESCO and the World Bank became
heavily involved in comparative education to support
educational reform and modernization.
Phase 4: Globalization and Postmodern Phase (1990s–
Present)
The current phase is marked by globalization,
internationalization, and the critical examination of
knowledge production in education. Comparative education
now addresses issues such as global inequality, education for
sustainable development, digital learning, migration, and
transnationalism. Researchers critically engage with concepts
like cultural imperialism, decolonization of knowledge, and the
impact of neoliberal policies on education. This phase
emphasizes reflexivity and diverse theoretical frameworks.
3. Discuss four areas that show the value and purpose of
comparative education and its contribution to education. (8
marks)
Comparative and International Education plays a vital role in
improving and understanding education worldwide. The
following areas highlight its value and contribution:
April 2025;100% CORRECT AND TRUSTED SOLUTIONS
Question 1 (a) – Comparative and International Education (Chapter 8)
1. Define “Comparative and International Education.” (4 marks)
2. Discuss any four phases in the historical evolution of the field of
Comparative and International Education. (8 marks)
3. Discuss four areas that show the value and purpose of comparative
education and its contribution to education. (8 marks)
Total: 20 marks
Question 1 (a) – Comparative and International Education
1. Define “Comparative and International Education.” (4
marks)
Comparative and International Education is an
interdisciplinary field of study that examines education systems,
processes, and outcomes across different countries and cultures.
It involves the systematic comparison of educational theories,
policies, and practices globally to understand how social,
political, economic, historical, and cultural contexts influence
education.
The field is divided into two interrelated components:
Comparative Education focuses on analyzing and
comparing educational systems, outcomes, and challenges
across countries.
International Education deals with global trends in
education, such as international collaboration, educational
development, globalization, and education for international
understanding.
,Together, they aim to improve educational policy and practice
through cross-national learning and by applying insights gained
from other educational systems to one’s own.
2. Discuss any four phases in the historical evolution of the
field of Comparative and International Education. (8 marks)
The development of Comparative and International Education
can be divided into distinct historical phases that reflect
evolving methodologies, goals, and global contexts:
Phase 1: Descriptive Phase (Pre-1900s – Early 20th Century)
This initial phase was characterized by the descriptive and
impressionistic comparison of education systems. Early
scholars like Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris laid the foundation
by advocating for systematic educational comparisons.
However, the work was mainly narrative and lacked scientific
methodology. The primary goal was to learn from other
countries to improve national education systems.
Phase 2: Analytical and Explanatory Phase (1920s–1950s)
During this period, the field moved beyond mere description to
include analysis and explanation of why educational systems
differed. Influenced by the rise of social sciences (particularly
sociology and psychology), scholars began exploring how
social, economic, and cultural factors shape education. The work
of Nicholas Hans and Isaac Kandel emphasized the role of
national character and historical context in educational
development.
, Phase 3: Social Science-Oriented Phase (1960s–1980s)
In this phase, comparative education adopted a more scientific
and research-based approach, incorporating methodologies
from sociology, political science, and economics. The focus
shifted toward educational planning and development,
especially in newly independent countries. International
organizations like UNESCO and the World Bank became
heavily involved in comparative education to support
educational reform and modernization.
Phase 4: Globalization and Postmodern Phase (1990s–
Present)
The current phase is marked by globalization,
internationalization, and the critical examination of
knowledge production in education. Comparative education
now addresses issues such as global inequality, education for
sustainable development, digital learning, migration, and
transnationalism. Researchers critically engage with concepts
like cultural imperialism, decolonization of knowledge, and the
impact of neoliberal policies on education. This phase
emphasizes reflexivity and diverse theoretical frameworks.
3. Discuss four areas that show the value and purpose of
comparative education and its contribution to education. (8
marks)
Comparative and International Education plays a vital role in
improving and understanding education worldwide. The
following areas highlight its value and contribution:
