TEST BANK
Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications
Michael M. Cox, Aaron A. Hoskins, Alain Viel, and Judith Simcox
1st Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Biochemistry Concepts and Themes 1
Chapter 02 Water: The Chemistry of Life 19
Chapter 03 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 37
Chapter 04 Protein Structure 58
Chapter 05 Protein Function and Ligand Binding 73
Chapter 06 Protein Function and Enzymes 85
Chapter 07 Carbohydrates 100
Chapter 08 Lipids, Membranes, and Membrane Proteins 114
Chapter 09 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 125
Chapter 10 Biological Information Part 1: DNA and RNA Metabolism 140
Chapter 11 Biological Information Part 2: Protein Metabolism 160
Chapter 12 Nucleic Acid Technologies 175
Chapter 13 Introduction to Intermediary Metabolism 188
Chapter 14 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part 1: Glycolysis and Glycogen Synthesis 203
Chapter 15 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part 2: Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen Degradation 217
Chapter 16 Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle 228
Chapter 17 Lipid Catabolism and Anabolism 242
Chapter 18 Amino Acid Catabolism and Anabolism 260
Chapter 19 Electron Transfer and Oxidative Phosphorylation 277
Chapter 20 Metabolism and Biosignaling 289
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
Chapter 01 Biochemistry Concepts and Themes
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. For the reaction A → B, the Keq' is 10–6. If a reaction mixture originally is 1 mM in both A and B, which
statement must be true?
a. At equilibrium, there will still be equal levels of A and B.
b. The rate of the reaction is very slow.
c. At equilibrium, the amount of A will greatly exceed the amount of B.
d. The reaction will proceed toward B at a very high rate.
e. ΔG'° for the reaction will be large and negative.
2. Which statement is true for the reaction A + B → C + D if its Keq for the reaction is 104?
a. When the reaction has reached equilibrium, there will be significantly more A and B than C and D in
the solution.
b. The formation of A and B will proceed at a high rate.
c. The value of ΔG'° will be large and positive.
d. All of the statements are true.
e. None of the statements are true.
3. The joining of two amino acids via a peptide bond (the process of protein synthesis) has a positive ΔG value.
What does this imply?
a. Forming a peptide bond is endergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.
b. Forming a peptide bond is exergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.
c. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and does not need to be coupled to another reaction.
d. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and can sometimes be coupled to another reaction.
e. Forming a peptide bond increases the entropy of a system.
4. Scientific endeavors are grounded in the assumption that the forces and phenomena that make up the universe
are unchanging. This is related to:
a. honesty.
b. observation.
c. objectivity.
d. reproducibility.
e. serendipity.
5. Which group of single-celled microorganisms has many members found growing in extreme environments?
a. bacteria
b. archaea
c. eukaryotes
d. heterotrophs
e. None of the answers is correct.
6. Functional DNA is NOT found in:
a. bacterial nucleoids.
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
b. chloroplasts.
c. lysosomes.
d. mitochondria.
e. nuclei.
7. Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
a. decreasing the activation energy.
b. decreasing the amount of free energy released.
c. increasing the activation energy.
d. increasing the amount of free energy released.
e. increasing the energy of the transition state.
8. Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of increasing size?
a. nucleotide < DNA < nucleus < chromatin
b. nucleotide < DNA < chromatin < nucleus
c. nucleotide < chromatin < DNA < nucleus
d. DNA < nucleotide < nucleus < chromatin
e. DNA < chromatin < nucleus < nucleotide
9. What are the minimal components of a virus?
a. DNA and a lipid membrane
b. genome (DNA or RNA), a lipid membrane, and a viral coat
c. genome (DNA or RNA) and a viral coat
d. protein genome and a lipid membrane
10. The MOST precise modern definition of a gene is a segment of genetic material that:
a. codes for one polypeptide.
b. codes for a final functional polypeptide or RNA product.
c. determines one phenotype.
d. determines one trait.
e. codes for one protein.
11. Which statement is true when Keq >> 1?
a. ΔG° is large and negative
b. ΔG° is large and positive
c. ΔG° is small and negative
d. ΔG° is small and positive
e. the value of ΔG° is independent of Keq
12. The practice of science as we know it is about _______ years old.
a. 200
b. 1,900
c. 10,000
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
d. 16,000
e. 1.4 million
13. Which statement is NOT true regarding the plasma membrane?
a. It is a physical barrier separating the inside of the cell from its surroundings.
b. It is flexible, with a hydrophobic internal structure.
c. The individual lipids and proteins of the plasma membrane are covalently linked.
d. The plasma membrane incorporates newly made lipid and protein components as a cell grows.
e. Cell division occurs without loss of the membrane integrity.
14. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:
a. cell membrane.
b. nuclear membrane.
c. nucleolus.
d. nucleoplasm.
e. nucleosome.
15. Which list of descriptive terms for biological molecules is placed in correct order from smallest to largest?
a. monomer, oligomer, polymer
b. monomer, multimer, macromer
c. oligomer, monomer, polymer
d. polymer, oligomer, monomer
e. metamer, oligomer, polymer
16. Which data bank is a powerful subscription-based service accessible at academic and many commercial
libraries by students, faculty, and employees?
a. Google Scholar
b. PubMed Central
c. National Center for Biotechnology Information
d. Web of Science
e. Worldwide Protein Data Bank
17. The breakage of a phosphoanhydride bond in ____________ is a major source of chemical energy to drive
cellular reactions.
a. acetyl triphosphate
b. adenosine monophosphate
c. adenosine triphosphate
d. cytosine tetraphosphate
e. uridine diphosphate
18. Which data bank is a free depository of articles funded by the NIH and other U.S. government agencies?
a. Google Scholar
b. PubMed Central
c. National Center for Biotechnology Information
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
d. Web of Science
e. Worldwide Protein Data Bank
19. The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give which geometry?
a. linear
b. tetrahedral
c. trigonal bipyramidal
d. trigonal planar
e. trigonal pyramidal
20. Which statement about living systems is NOT true?
a. Living organisms can be described as an open system.
b. Living organisms maintain a more or less constant composition at maturity.
c. Living systems are in equilibrium with their surroundings.
d. Living systems exist in a dynamic steady state.
e. Living systems have efficient mechanisms to convert chemical energy from one form into another.
21. Hereditary information (with the exception of some viruses) is preserved in:
a. deoxyribonucleic acid.
b. membrane structures.
c. nuclei.
d. polysaccharides.
e. ribonucleic acid.
22. The similarities of gene sequences and metabolic pathways across the three domains of life are evidence
that:
a. all modern organisms are derived from a common evolutionary progenitor.
b. multiple evolutionary progenitors converged to a single evolutionary model.
c. cross-species genetic transfer happens with ease.
d. evolution ceases when an organism is successful in its niche.
e. All of the above.
23. The products of scientific research are widely available in:
a. international data banks.
b. literature search engines.
c. open-source programs.
d. protein data banks.
e. All of the above are correct.
24. Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms?
a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. nitrogen
d. oxygen
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
e. phosphorus
25. If the free-energy change ΔG for a reaction is –46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:
a. at equilibrium.
b. endergonic.
c. endothermic.
d. exergonic.
e. exothermic.
26. Scientific hypotheses and theories are often presented in peer-reviewed scientific literature. According to the
Publishers Association of the United Kingdom, there are more than _____ peer-reviewed scientific journals
worldwide.
a. 200
b. 1,900
c. 10,000
d. 16,000
e. 1.4 million
27. Humans maintain a nearly constant level of hemoglobin by continually synthesizing and degrading it. This
is an example of a(n):
a. dynamic steady state.
b. equilibrium state.
c. exergonic change.
d. free-energy change.
e. waste of energy.
28. Which list ranks the organisms in order of increasing number of genes?
a. S. cerevisiae, humans, nematodes
b. S. cerevisiae, nematodes, humans
c. nematodes, humans, S. cerevisiae
d. nematodes, S. cerevisiae, humans
e. humans, S. cerevisiae, nematodes
29. Which item is NOT electrophilic?
a. proton
b. sulfhydryl
c. protonated imine
d. carbonyl group
e. phosphoryl group
30. For the reaction A → B, the Keq' is 104. If a reaction mixture originally is 1 mM in A and contains no B,
which statement must be true?
a. At equilibrium, there will be far more B than A.
b. The rate of the reaction is very slow.
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
c. The reaction requires coupling to an exergonic reaction in order to proceed.
d. The reaction will proceed toward B at a very high rate.
e. ΔG'° for the reaction will be large and positive.
31. Which is a list of organelles?
a. mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum
b. peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane
c. proteasomes, chromatin, lysosomes
d. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes
e. All of the answers are correct.
32. The reaction A + B → C has a ΔG'° of –20 kJ/mol at 25°C. Starting under standard conditions, one can
predict that:
a. at equilibrium, the concentration of B will exceed the concentration of A.
b. at equilibrium, the concentration of C will be less than the concentration of A.
c. at equilibrium, the concentration of C will be much greater than the concentration of A or B.
d. C will rapidly break down to A + B.
e. when A and B are mixed, the reaction will proceed rapidly toward formation of C.
33. Scientific endeavors can be understood by applying a systematic process of inquiry called:
a. an assumption of objectivity.
b. a hypothesis.
c. a postulate of objectivity.
d. the scientific method.
e. a scientific theory.
34. Which atom is a possible nucleophile?
a. oxygen atom in a hydroxide ion
b. oxygen atom of a carboxylate group
c. nitrogen atom of a deprotonated amine
d. All of the answers are correct.
e. None of the answers are correct.
35. Which ranking correctly describes the rigidity of the red bond (the central bond) shown in the figure?
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
a. 2 = most rigid, 3 = least rigid
b. 1 = most rigid, 5 = least rigid
c. 4 = most rigid, 3 = least rigid
d. 2 = most rigid, 1 = least rigid
e. 4 = most rigid, 1 = least rigid
36. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reactant that is oxidized _____, and the reactant that is reduced
_____.
a. is energized; is de-energized
b. is de-energized; is energized
c. loses electrons; gains electrons
d. gains electrons; loses electrons
e. maintains the same number of electrons; loses electrons
37. Which types of molecules can serve as informational macromolecules in cells?
a. proteins
b. nucleic acids
c. oligosaccharides
d. both proteins and nucleic acids
e. proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides
38. Which atom is a common electrophile?
a. hydrogen atom
b. oxygen atom of a carbonyl group
c. oxygen atom of a phosphate group
d. oxygen atom of a hydroxide group
e. phosphorus of a phosphate group
39. Which statement is NOT a distinguishing feature of living organisms?
a. There exists a high degree of organizational complexity.
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
b. The structure of components influences their function.
c. Organisms can reproduce themselves.
d. Organisms can exist without interacting with their environment.
e. Organisms change over time.
40. The typical three-dimensional structure of a protein in a cell, or _____ conformation, is critical to a protein's
function.
a. native
b. molecular
c. chaperone
d. macromolecular
e. high-affinity
41. In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:
a. cell envelope.
b. cell membrane.
c. nucleoid.
d. nucleus.
e. ribosomes.
42. Reaction 1 has a ΔG° of –12.3 kJ/mol, and reaction 2 has a ΔG° of –23.4 kJ/mol. Which statement is true of
these two reactions?
a. Reaction 1 occurs faster.
b. Reaction 2 occurs faster.
c. Both reactions occur at the same rate.
d. Reaction 2 will not occur.
e. It is impossible to know which reaction occurs faster with this information.
43. A scientist is any person:
a. who applies some version of the scientific method to solve a problem in the natural world.
b. who makes an observation.
c. who reproduces a scientific advancement.
d. who works in a laboratory.
e. with an advanced science degree.
44. Which approach is considered the classic scientific method?
a. Exploration and observation
b. Hypothesis → experiment → answer
c. Inspiration
d. Model-building and deduction
e. Serendipity
45. Which does NOT contain a double membrane?
a. mitochondrion
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Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications
Michael M. Cox, Aaron A. Hoskins, Alain Viel, and Judith Simcox
1st Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Biochemistry Concepts and Themes 1
Chapter 02 Water: The Chemistry of Life 19
Chapter 03 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 37
Chapter 04 Protein Structure 58
Chapter 05 Protein Function and Ligand Binding 73
Chapter 06 Protein Function and Enzymes 85
Chapter 07 Carbohydrates 100
Chapter 08 Lipids, Membranes, and Membrane Proteins 114
Chapter 09 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 125
Chapter 10 Biological Information Part 1: DNA and RNA Metabolism 140
Chapter 11 Biological Information Part 2: Protein Metabolism 160
Chapter 12 Nucleic Acid Technologies 175
Chapter 13 Introduction to Intermediary Metabolism 188
Chapter 14 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part 1: Glycolysis and Glycogen Synthesis 203
Chapter 15 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part 2: Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen Degradation 217
Chapter 16 Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle 228
Chapter 17 Lipid Catabolism and Anabolism 242
Chapter 18 Amino Acid Catabolism and Anabolism 260
Chapter 19 Electron Transfer and Oxidative Phosphorylation 277
Chapter 20 Metabolism and Biosignaling 289
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
Chapter 01 Biochemistry Concepts and Themes
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. For the reaction A → B, the Keq' is 10–6. If a reaction mixture originally is 1 mM in both A and B, which
statement must be true?
a. At equilibrium, there will still be equal levels of A and B.
b. The rate of the reaction is very slow.
c. At equilibrium, the amount of A will greatly exceed the amount of B.
d. The reaction will proceed toward B at a very high rate.
e. ΔG'° for the reaction will be large and negative.
2. Which statement is true for the reaction A + B → C + D if its Keq for the reaction is 104?
a. When the reaction has reached equilibrium, there will be significantly more A and B than C and D in
the solution.
b. The formation of A and B will proceed at a high rate.
c. The value of ΔG'° will be large and positive.
d. All of the statements are true.
e. None of the statements are true.
3. The joining of two amino acids via a peptide bond (the process of protein synthesis) has a positive ΔG value.
What does this imply?
a. Forming a peptide bond is endergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.
b. Forming a peptide bond is exergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.
c. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and does not need to be coupled to another reaction.
d. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and can sometimes be coupled to another reaction.
e. Forming a peptide bond increases the entropy of a system.
4. Scientific endeavors are grounded in the assumption that the forces and phenomena that make up the universe
are unchanging. This is related to:
a. honesty.
b. observation.
c. objectivity.
d. reproducibility.
e. serendipity.
5. Which group of single-celled microorganisms has many members found growing in extreme environments?
a. bacteria
b. archaea
c. eukaryotes
d. heterotrophs
e. None of the answers is correct.
6. Functional DNA is NOT found in:
a. bacterial nucleoids.
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
b. chloroplasts.
c. lysosomes.
d. mitochondria.
e. nuclei.
7. Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
a. decreasing the activation energy.
b. decreasing the amount of free energy released.
c. increasing the activation energy.
d. increasing the amount of free energy released.
e. increasing the energy of the transition state.
8. Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of increasing size?
a. nucleotide < DNA < nucleus < chromatin
b. nucleotide < DNA < chromatin < nucleus
c. nucleotide < chromatin < DNA < nucleus
d. DNA < nucleotide < nucleus < chromatin
e. DNA < chromatin < nucleus < nucleotide
9. What are the minimal components of a virus?
a. DNA and a lipid membrane
b. genome (DNA or RNA), a lipid membrane, and a viral coat
c. genome (DNA or RNA) and a viral coat
d. protein genome and a lipid membrane
10. The MOST precise modern definition of a gene is a segment of genetic material that:
a. codes for one polypeptide.
b. codes for a final functional polypeptide or RNA product.
c. determines one phenotype.
d. determines one trait.
e. codes for one protein.
11. Which statement is true when Keq >> 1?
a. ΔG° is large and negative
b. ΔG° is large and positive
c. ΔG° is small and negative
d. ΔG° is small and positive
e. the value of ΔG° is independent of Keq
12. The practice of science as we know it is about _______ years old.
a. 200
b. 1,900
c. 10,000
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
d. 16,000
e. 1.4 million
13. Which statement is NOT true regarding the plasma membrane?
a. It is a physical barrier separating the inside of the cell from its surroundings.
b. It is flexible, with a hydrophobic internal structure.
c. The individual lipids and proteins of the plasma membrane are covalently linked.
d. The plasma membrane incorporates newly made lipid and protein components as a cell grows.
e. Cell division occurs without loss of the membrane integrity.
14. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:
a. cell membrane.
b. nuclear membrane.
c. nucleolus.
d. nucleoplasm.
e. nucleosome.
15. Which list of descriptive terms for biological molecules is placed in correct order from smallest to largest?
a. monomer, oligomer, polymer
b. monomer, multimer, macromer
c. oligomer, monomer, polymer
d. polymer, oligomer, monomer
e. metamer, oligomer, polymer
16. Which data bank is a powerful subscription-based service accessible at academic and many commercial
libraries by students, faculty, and employees?
a. Google Scholar
b. PubMed Central
c. National Center for Biotechnology Information
d. Web of Science
e. Worldwide Protein Data Bank
17. The breakage of a phosphoanhydride bond in ____________ is a major source of chemical energy to drive
cellular reactions.
a. acetyl triphosphate
b. adenosine monophosphate
c. adenosine triphosphate
d. cytosine tetraphosphate
e. uridine diphosphate
18. Which data bank is a free depository of articles funded by the NIH and other U.S. government agencies?
a. Google Scholar
b. PubMed Central
c. National Center for Biotechnology Information
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
d. Web of Science
e. Worldwide Protein Data Bank
19. The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give which geometry?
a. linear
b. tetrahedral
c. trigonal bipyramidal
d. trigonal planar
e. trigonal pyramidal
20. Which statement about living systems is NOT true?
a. Living organisms can be described as an open system.
b. Living organisms maintain a more or less constant composition at maturity.
c. Living systems are in equilibrium with their surroundings.
d. Living systems exist in a dynamic steady state.
e. Living systems have efficient mechanisms to convert chemical energy from one form into another.
21. Hereditary information (with the exception of some viruses) is preserved in:
a. deoxyribonucleic acid.
b. membrane structures.
c. nuclei.
d. polysaccharides.
e. ribonucleic acid.
22. The similarities of gene sequences and metabolic pathways across the three domains of life are evidence
that:
a. all modern organisms are derived from a common evolutionary progenitor.
b. multiple evolutionary progenitors converged to a single evolutionary model.
c. cross-species genetic transfer happens with ease.
d. evolution ceases when an organism is successful in its niche.
e. All of the above.
23. The products of scientific research are widely available in:
a. international data banks.
b. literature search engines.
c. open-source programs.
d. protein data banks.
e. All of the above are correct.
24. Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms?
a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. nitrogen
d. oxygen
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
e. phosphorus
25. If the free-energy change ΔG for a reaction is –46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:
a. at equilibrium.
b. endergonic.
c. endothermic.
d. exergonic.
e. exothermic.
26. Scientific hypotheses and theories are often presented in peer-reviewed scientific literature. According to the
Publishers Association of the United Kingdom, there are more than _____ peer-reviewed scientific journals
worldwide.
a. 200
b. 1,900
c. 10,000
d. 16,000
e. 1.4 million
27. Humans maintain a nearly constant level of hemoglobin by continually synthesizing and degrading it. This
is an example of a(n):
a. dynamic steady state.
b. equilibrium state.
c. exergonic change.
d. free-energy change.
e. waste of energy.
28. Which list ranks the organisms in order of increasing number of genes?
a. S. cerevisiae, humans, nematodes
b. S. cerevisiae, nematodes, humans
c. nematodes, humans, S. cerevisiae
d. nematodes, S. cerevisiae, humans
e. humans, S. cerevisiae, nematodes
29. Which item is NOT electrophilic?
a. proton
b. sulfhydryl
c. protonated imine
d. carbonyl group
e. phosphoryl group
30. For the reaction A → B, the Keq' is 104. If a reaction mixture originally is 1 mM in A and contains no B,
which statement must be true?
a. At equilibrium, there will be far more B than A.
b. The rate of the reaction is very slow.
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
c. The reaction requires coupling to an exergonic reaction in order to proceed.
d. The reaction will proceed toward B at a very high rate.
e. ΔG'° for the reaction will be large and positive.
31. Which is a list of organelles?
a. mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum
b. peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane
c. proteasomes, chromatin, lysosomes
d. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes
e. All of the answers are correct.
32. The reaction A + B → C has a ΔG'° of –20 kJ/mol at 25°C. Starting under standard conditions, one can
predict that:
a. at equilibrium, the concentration of B will exceed the concentration of A.
b. at equilibrium, the concentration of C will be less than the concentration of A.
c. at equilibrium, the concentration of C will be much greater than the concentration of A or B.
d. C will rapidly break down to A + B.
e. when A and B are mixed, the reaction will proceed rapidly toward formation of C.
33. Scientific endeavors can be understood by applying a systematic process of inquiry called:
a. an assumption of objectivity.
b. a hypothesis.
c. a postulate of objectivity.
d. the scientific method.
e. a scientific theory.
34. Which atom is a possible nucleophile?
a. oxygen atom in a hydroxide ion
b. oxygen atom of a carboxylate group
c. nitrogen atom of a deprotonated amine
d. All of the answers are correct.
e. None of the answers are correct.
35. Which ranking correctly describes the rigidity of the red bond (the central bond) shown in the figure?
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
a. 2 = most rigid, 3 = least rigid
b. 1 = most rigid, 5 = least rigid
c. 4 = most rigid, 3 = least rigid
d. 2 = most rigid, 1 = least rigid
e. 4 = most rigid, 1 = least rigid
36. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reactant that is oxidized _____, and the reactant that is reduced
_____.
a. is energized; is de-energized
b. is de-energized; is energized
c. loses electrons; gains electrons
d. gains electrons; loses electrons
e. maintains the same number of electrons; loses electrons
37. Which types of molecules can serve as informational macromolecules in cells?
a. proteins
b. nucleic acids
c. oligosaccharides
d. both proteins and nucleic acids
e. proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides
38. Which atom is a common electrophile?
a. hydrogen atom
b. oxygen atom of a carbonyl group
c. oxygen atom of a phosphate group
d. oxygen atom of a hydroxide group
e. phosphorus of a phosphate group
39. Which statement is NOT a distinguishing feature of living organisms?
a. There exists a high degree of organizational complexity.
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Test Bank - Lehninger Biochemistry: Core Concepts and Applications, 1st Edition (Cox, 2025)
b. The structure of components influences their function.
c. Organisms can reproduce themselves.
d. Organisms can exist without interacting with their environment.
e. Organisms change over time.
40. The typical three-dimensional structure of a protein in a cell, or _____ conformation, is critical to a protein's
function.
a. native
b. molecular
c. chaperone
d. macromolecular
e. high-affinity
41. In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:
a. cell envelope.
b. cell membrane.
c. nucleoid.
d. nucleus.
e. ribosomes.
42. Reaction 1 has a ΔG° of –12.3 kJ/mol, and reaction 2 has a ΔG° of –23.4 kJ/mol. Which statement is true of
these two reactions?
a. Reaction 1 occurs faster.
b. Reaction 2 occurs faster.
c. Both reactions occur at the same rate.
d. Reaction 2 will not occur.
e. It is impossible to know which reaction occurs faster with this information.
43. A scientist is any person:
a. who applies some version of the scientific method to solve a problem in the natural world.
b. who makes an observation.
c. who reproduces a scientific advancement.
d. who works in a laboratory.
e. with an advanced science degree.
44. Which approach is considered the classic scientific method?
a. Exploration and observation
b. Hypothesis → experiment → answer
c. Inspiration
d. Model-building and deduction
e. Serendipity
45. Which does NOT contain a double membrane?
a. mitochondrion
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