Unit 1 Test: Introduction to Social Sciences Prep Questions And Correct Answers With Detailed.

sociology - correct answer the study of human social behaviour, including individuals, groups and societies psychology - correct answer study of the human mind, mental states and human behaviour cultural anthropology - correct answer study of the origin and development of human species and human cultures throughout the world social change - correct answer transformation in the beliefs, social interactions, practices, organization and structure of society quantitative data - correct answer -objective info that is measured numerically -surverys (likert scales) -experiments (observations) -secondary data (stats.) qualitative data - correct answer -subjective info. obtained through words or actions -interviews -focus groups -observation (behind one way mirrors) acculturation - correct answer the process of contact, exposure and exchange of ideas between different cultures that result in adaptions and changes to both groups diffusion - correct answer the spread of a cultural trait from one society to another through social contact (ex. sup, or handshake) cultural materialism - correct answer -physical materials, conditions and economic activity of an environment determine how the ideas and ideology of a culture develop -cultural change occurs within a framework of three levels: infrastructure, structure, superstructure functionalism - correct answer -the function of beliefs and institutions in a society is to meet the needs of the majority of its members -change occurs by consensus, based on shared values and norms learning theory - correct answer -learning can alter the way an individual interprets the world around him/her & can lead to permanent behaviour changes (ex. behaviourism) -certain behaviours are based on childhood experiences and these behaviours are both predictable and modifiable psychoanalytic theory - correct answer -understanding the conscious & unconscious parts of the mind to change behaviours & motivations -the inability to balance both parts of the mind can lead to frustration and may affect behaviour negatively -human development is determined by events in early childhood microsociology - correct answer study of small groups/individuals within a society (ex. why is everyone in class so quiet?) macrosociology - correct answer analyzes social systems on a larger scale (ex. why are high school students so quiet?) paradigm shift - correct answer when a new set of ideas, beliefs, and values become strong enough to affect & change the way individuals see and perceive reality (ex. world is flat ... world is round) feminism - correct answer patterns of social inequality based on gender marxism - correct answer belief that economic production and material wealth constitute real power in society structural functionalism - correct answer identifies & explains the systems and structures that govern society and affects how the needs of individuals are met by society Stanley Milgram (psychologist) - correct answer -() -when the Nazi's all claimed they were just following orders Milgram called B.S. & wondered how people can act so inhumane -experiment conducted to find out how people reacted when asked to hurt someone by person in power -teacher student test -66% people followed orders confederate - correct answer actor involved in a psychological study who pretends to be a regular subject standardization - correct answer ensuring the accuracy and responsibility of an experiment variables - correct answer conditions that can be controlled/change Philip Zombardo (psychologist) - correct answer -(1933-present) -more known -wanted to investigate how readily people would conform to roles of guard and prisoner -Stanford prison experiment -ethics: cannot be physically & mentally harming people -results: people put in power without supervision = things get out of hand conformity - correct answer -compliance with rules, standards, or laws -behaviours in accordance to socially accepted conventions or standards obedience - correct answer compliance with order, request, or law or submission to another's authority Solomon Ash (psychologist) - correct answer -came before other two -wanted to see how social pressure from a majority group could affect people to conform -vision test experiment -75% conformed at least once normative social influence - correct answer conformity to obtain rewards from group acceptance/avoid rejection informational social influence - correct answer conformity because of beliefs that the group has accurate knowledge by-stander effect - correct answer -the principle that the presence of bystanders inhabits each person's tendency to help, largely due to social comparison (ex. 19 year old girl raped and killed for 20 mins, no one called 911 for 30 mins) Emile Durkheim (sociologist) - correct answer -rejected religion (ex. Judaism) -religion is "fake" -"division of labour" in society (everything has a purpose, except religion) -mental state of wellness; if someone commits suicide society is to blame Anomie - correct answer lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual group Karl Marx (sociologist) - correct answer -wrote a lot -communism -link to Occupy Movement -Marxism (material wealth constitutes real power in society) communism - correct answer society in which everything is evenly distributed Max Weber (sociologist) - correct answer -rationalization -methodology -capitalism rationalization - correct answer gradual shift from world system of subjective views to objective ones methodology - correct answer a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity ethnography - correct answer fieldwork in a particular culture; provides account of that community, society, or culture (kiss on the cheek) ethnology - correct answer cross cultural comparison; the comparative study of ethnographic data of society and of culture Kitty Genovese - correct answer -19 year old who was raped and killed -ex. of the bystander effect b/c she event happened in front of large group for 20 mins and no one called police for 30 mins cultural relativism - correct answer behaviour in one culture should be judged by the standards of another culture ethnocentrism - correct answer (opposite of relativism) tendency to view one's culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behaviour and beliefs of people raised in other cultures *should be acknowledged and avoided*