NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS



Immunodeficiency75-75answer--
Immune75system75weakened75to75extent75that75it75cannot75destroy75foreign75invaders75a
nd75antigens75can75overwhelm75the75body.

Immunocompetence75-75answer--
refers75to75an75individual's75ability75to75protect75oneself75from75infectious75agents75due75
to75a75strong75immune75system.

Immunosuppression75-75answer--
indicates75that75there75is75a75defective75immune75system75that75is75putting75the75pt75at75
risk75for75infection.

Opportunistic75Infection75-75answer--
an75infection75that75was75caused75by75a75microorganism75that75flourished75because75of7
5its75host's75deficient75immune75system.


Hospital75Acquired75of75Health-Care75acquired75infection75-75answer--
when75a75pt's75infection75is75caused75by75microorganisms75that75originated75within75the7
5clinical75environment.
Difficult75to75tx75due75to75antibiotic-resistant75bacteria

Type751:75Immediate75hypersensitivity75-75answer--allergic75reaction

Type752:75Cytotoxic75hypersensitivity75-75answer--
mediated75by75Igs75that75target75antigen75on75cells75and75cause75cell75destruction.
Incomplete75blood75transfusion

Type753:75Immune75Complex75hypersensitivity75-75answer--
antigen75combines75with75Ig75within75circulation75and75complexes75are75then75deposited
75into75tissues.
SLE,75autoimmune75disorders

Type754:75Delayed75hypersensitivity75-75answer--initiated75by75T-
cells75that75have75previous75exposure75to75antigen
Dermatitis75from75exposure75to75poison75ivy

,Key75lab75values75in75Infections75-75answer--WBC754,000-10,00075cells/mcL
Neutrophils:7540%-80%75of75WBCs75/75elevation75=75bacterial75infection
Lymphocytes:7520%-40%75of75WBCs75/75elevation75=75viral75infection
Eosinophils:751%-7%75of75WBCs75/75elevation75=75allergic75reaction
Basophils:750%-2%75of75WBCs75/75elevation75=75Parasite75or75allergic75reaction
Monocytes:752%75-
7510%75of75WBCs75/75elevation75=75Inflammation,75chronic75infections,75autoimmune75di
sease

How75can75you75determine75inflammation75vs.75infection75from75a75CBC?75-75answer--
You75would75look75at75the75differences75in75the75WBCs75on75the75CBC,75which75provide
s75info75about75the75%75of75different75types75of75white75blood75cells.
An75increase75in75neutrophils75(makeup7540%-
80%75of75WBCs)75can75be75indicative75of75a75bacterial75infection.
An75increase75in75monocytes75(macrophages)75(2%-
10%75of75WBCs)75can75be75indicative75of75inflammation75/75autoimmune75disease.

Hypervolemia75-75answer--
Excess75fluid75in75ISF75&75ICF75caused75by75increased75hydrostatic75pressure75causing7
5edema
Can75be75caused75by:75High75Salt75diet,75heart75failure,75kidney75failure,75or75liver75failur
e.

Hypernatremia75-75answer--
High75sodium75content75of75the75blood.75Raises75solute75content75(more75salt),75in75turn,
75raising75OSMOTIC75PRESSURE.


Osmotic75pressure75-75answer--
The75pressure75exerted75by75the75solutes75in75solution,75causes75water75to75shift75from7
5ICF75into75the75ECF75->75Causing75cellular75dehydration.


ECF75gains75fluid75>75Secreted75by75the75kidneys75>75more75dehydration!

Polyuria75-75answer--excess75urine75being75excreted.
This75continues75until75fluid75is75replenished75appropriately
(Part75of75hypernatremia)

Hypovolemia75-75answer--
Is75caused75by75dehydration;75a75diminished75level75of75circulating75blood75volume75that
75increases75the75osmolarity75of75blood.


Hydrostatic75pressure75-75answer--
the75force75exerted75by75the75blood75confined75within75the75blood75vessels75or75heart75c
hamber.

, Isotonic75-75answer--No75fluid75shifts-
75solutions75on75both75sides75are75at75equilibrium.75Equal75osmotic75pressure.75No75"tug
75of75war".75
Example-75Human75blood.
Caution:75Too75much75isotonic75fluids75can75cause75fluid75volume75overload

Monitor:75BP75due75to75HTN75crisis.75Risk75for75CVA75stroke.75
Ex:750.975%75sodium75chloride75(NS),75lactated75ringers75(LR)

Use:75Rehydrate75body,75increase75low75BP,75blood75transfusions,75blood75loss,75DKA,7
5HHNS(risk75for75type75275diabetes75patients)-75when75blood75sugar75high


Hypertonic75-75answer--HIGH75&75dry-75Higher75osmolarity75than75body75fluids-
75very75thick,75very75salty,75more75solutes,75less75water.75Fluid75drawn75out75of75the75cel
l.
Monitor-75BP,75HTN75crisis
Use75for-
75hypovolemia,75heat75related,75peritonitis,75peritoneal75dialysis*(draw75fluid75out75of75th
e75body)-75Need75to75give75slowly
Ex:753%75sodium75chloride,755%75sodium75chloride,7510%75dextrose75in75water,755%75d
extrose75in750.9%75sodium75chloride,755%75dextrose75in750.45%75sodium75chloride,755%
75dextrose75in75lactated75ringer's75(Memory75trick-
very75little75fluid75inside75the75cell=75very75little75numbers75before75the75words)

Hypotonic75-75answer--
LOW.75Lower75concentration75of75solutes75or75salt75then75the75ICF,75lower75osmolarity75
than75body75fluids.75Fluid75drawn75into75cells75causes75the75body75to75swell75up.75
Monitor-75headache,75mental75status75changes,75seizures,75coma
Use75for-75Cell75dehydration-
75Give75slow75to75prevent75cellular75edema75&cerebral75swelling.75Not75for75clients75with
75ICP-75can75lead75to75seizures75or75death
Ex:750.45%75sodium75chloride,750.225%75sodium75chloride,750.33%75sodium75chloride,75
5%75dextrose75in750.225%75saline,755%75dextrose75in75water75(Memory75trick-
75a75lot75of75fluid75in75the75cell=75a75lot75of75numbers)


Potassium75-75answer--main75INTRACELLULAR75electrolyte
3.0-5.075mEq/L
Involved75in75conduction75of75nerve75impulses75(skeletal,75cardiac,75smooth75muscle),75
acid-
base75balance,75synthesis75of75ATP,75Osmotic75balance75&75Kidneys75ability75to75conce
ntrate75urine.
Kidney;75nephron75regulates75K+75because75of75aldosterone75(which75absorbs75sodium7
5and75water)75and75excretes75potassium.


Hypokalemia75-75answer--Plasma75concentration75<753.575mEq/L
Caused75mainly75by75diuretic75therapy75(thiazides75&75loop75diuretics)