PATH3610 Final Exam Questions With
Accurate Answers
Hypoxia - ANSWER A reduction in the amount of oxygen in tissue.
Growth factors - ANSWER Low molecular weight proteins that stimulate cell
proliferation and regulate cellular differentiation
List of growth factor families: - ANSWER Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Granulin
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), including PDGF itself and vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF)
Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in cell or tissue size due to an enlargement in the size
of the cell or cells
Atrophy - ANSWER Reduction in tissue or cell size, usually in response to decreased
demand
Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in the number of cells, common response to increased
demand of cells that are continuously dividing (labile)
Metaplasia - ANSWER Change of one cell type to another, usually due to chronic
irritation and sufficient demand
What is cell degeneration? - ANSWER Cell degeneration is the result of an injurious
process that impairs cell function from which recovery can occur. It is a reversible
injury.
What is the most common manifestation of cell injury? - ANSWER The most common
manifestation of cell injury is cell swelling.
What is hydropic degeneration? - ANSWER Hydropic degeneration is a type of
reversible injury where cells lose the ability to maintain ions such as Na+ and K+
concentrations, leading to swelling due to the inability to control entry or loss of water.
What is fatty degeneration or fatty change? - ANSWER Fatty degeneration or fatty
,change is a manifestation of reversible injury in which cells that process fat lose their
ability to metabolize and transport fat, leading to fat accumulation and swelling
When does cell death occur? - ANSWER Cell death occurs when degeneration proceeds
to the point where cell recovery cannot occur, which is irreversible injury. Cells are
dead when they either exhibit irreversible plasma membrane permeability or have
undergone complete fragmentation.
What are the two groups of cell death? - ANSWER The two groups of cell death are
Accidental Cell Death (ACD) and Regulated Cell Death.
What is Accidental Cell Death (ACD)? - ANSWER Accidental Cell Death (ACD) is the
instantaneous and catastrophic demise of cells exposed to severe insults of physical,
chemical, or mechanical nature.
What is Regulated Cell Death? - ANSWER Regulated Cell Death is when death occurs
from activation of molecular machinery (subroutines) be they preprogrammed or not.
There is a lethal trigger.
What is physiological regulated cell death? - ANSWER Physiological regulated cell death
is programmed Cell Death, which is thus a subset of regulated cell death. It occurs in
embryological/post-embryological, physiological, and homeostatic situations.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER Necrosis is a macroscopic descriptor used to describe
dead tissue that appears to be necrotic. The four appearances of necrosis are
coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and gangrenous.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER Coagulative necrosis is a morphological
descriptor used to describe what happens when cells die and remain the same size and
have the characteristics of living cells.
What is liquefactive necrosis? - ANSWER Liquefactive necrosis is when the tissue is
rendered liquid by enzymatic dissolution.
What is caseous necrosis? - ANSWER Caseous necrosis is when tissue partially
liquefies or was liquid and dehydrates. (Looks cheesy)
What is gangrenous necrosis? - ANSWER Gangrenous necrosis is when there is
coagulative necrosis that proceeds to liquid by bacterial action (moist gangrene) or
becomes dry and mummified following infarction, and gas gangrene when
contaminating bacteria cause necrosis and produce gas.
What are the morphological descriptors of dead cells? - ANSWER The morphological
descriptors of dead cells include apoptotic morphology, necrotic morphology, and
cytoplasmic vacuolation.
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER Apoptosis is when cells undergo shrinkage, activation of
,caspase enzymes internally, nuclear fragmentation, cellular shrinkage, fragmentation,
and engulfment by surrounding cells.
What is autophagy? - ANSWER Autophagy occurs when parts of the cytoplasm and
damaged organelles are bound by membranes to become autophagosomes, which then
fuse with lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes.
What is oncotic cell death? - ANSWER Oncotic cell death is a type of cell death where
cells swell so they are larger
Components of blood - ANSWER Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Plasma - ANSWER Composed of fluid, proteins, electrolytes, and many other
substances. Includes albumin, clotting proteins, and immunoglobulins.
Capillary bed - ANSWER Area of the vascular system composed of endothelial cells that
form a barrier between the intravascular space and the extravascular space.
Starling's forces - ANSWER Counteracting forces responsible for maintaining normal
blood and tissue fluids. Determines the movement of fluid in the capillary bed.
Edema - ANSWER Excessive amount of fluid in a tissue or body cavity/space.
Arteriole - ANSWER Vessel at the entrance of the capillary bed that regulates pressure
within the capillary bed.
Oncotic pressure - ANSWER Pressure exerted by proteins such as albumin in the blood
vascular system that moves fluid from the extracellular compartment around tissue cells
, back into the vascular system.
What is inflammatory edema? - ANSWER Inflammatory edema occurs when there are
alterations to the forces at the venous end of the capillary, either with a reduction in
oncotic pressure or an increase in venous hydrostatic pressure.
Noninflammatory edema - ANSWER Edema caused by mechanisms such as increased
venous hydrostatic pressure, reduced intravascular oncotic pressure, lymphatic
obstruction, and increased total body water/sodium retention.
Examples of noninflammatory edema - ANSWER Examples of noninflammatory edema
include ascites, hydropericardium, hydrothorax, and peripheral edema.
Causes of postural edema - ANSWER Postural edema is caused by increased
hydrostatic pressure on the venous side either by venous obstruction by postural
causes or heart failure.
What is hypoproteinemia? - ANSWER Hypoproteinemia is a reduced amount of protein
(usually albumin) in the blood. With hypoalbuminaemia, oncotic pressure in the
intravascular space is reduced and there is less attraction for fluid to re-enter the blood
vascular system.
Causes of hypoproteinemia - ANSWER Causes of hypoproteinemia include
protein-losing renal and intestinal disease.
Causes of edema due to sodium and water retention - ANSWER Edema due to sodium
and water retention occurs in people with renal disease and frequently with women of
childbearing age where hormonal changes (aldosterone) associated with menstruation
results in the retention of sodium.
Causes of lymphatic obstruction - ANSWER Lymphatic obstruction occurs when a lymph
node is removed in the staging of cancer, and the lymphatic vessel is therefore
obstructed. Less commonly these days is the disease called elephantiasis.
Accurate Answers
Hypoxia - ANSWER A reduction in the amount of oxygen in tissue.
Growth factors - ANSWER Low molecular weight proteins that stimulate cell
proliferation and regulate cellular differentiation
List of growth factor families: - ANSWER Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Granulin
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), including PDGF itself and vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF)
Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in cell or tissue size due to an enlargement in the size
of the cell or cells
Atrophy - ANSWER Reduction in tissue or cell size, usually in response to decreased
demand
Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in the number of cells, common response to increased
demand of cells that are continuously dividing (labile)
Metaplasia - ANSWER Change of one cell type to another, usually due to chronic
irritation and sufficient demand
What is cell degeneration? - ANSWER Cell degeneration is the result of an injurious
process that impairs cell function from which recovery can occur. It is a reversible
injury.
What is the most common manifestation of cell injury? - ANSWER The most common
manifestation of cell injury is cell swelling.
What is hydropic degeneration? - ANSWER Hydropic degeneration is a type of
reversible injury where cells lose the ability to maintain ions such as Na+ and K+
concentrations, leading to swelling due to the inability to control entry or loss of water.
What is fatty degeneration or fatty change? - ANSWER Fatty degeneration or fatty
,change is a manifestation of reversible injury in which cells that process fat lose their
ability to metabolize and transport fat, leading to fat accumulation and swelling
When does cell death occur? - ANSWER Cell death occurs when degeneration proceeds
to the point where cell recovery cannot occur, which is irreversible injury. Cells are
dead when they either exhibit irreversible plasma membrane permeability or have
undergone complete fragmentation.
What are the two groups of cell death? - ANSWER The two groups of cell death are
Accidental Cell Death (ACD) and Regulated Cell Death.
What is Accidental Cell Death (ACD)? - ANSWER Accidental Cell Death (ACD) is the
instantaneous and catastrophic demise of cells exposed to severe insults of physical,
chemical, or mechanical nature.
What is Regulated Cell Death? - ANSWER Regulated Cell Death is when death occurs
from activation of molecular machinery (subroutines) be they preprogrammed or not.
There is a lethal trigger.
What is physiological regulated cell death? - ANSWER Physiological regulated cell death
is programmed Cell Death, which is thus a subset of regulated cell death. It occurs in
embryological/post-embryological, physiological, and homeostatic situations.
What is necrosis? - ANSWER Necrosis is a macroscopic descriptor used to describe
dead tissue that appears to be necrotic. The four appearances of necrosis are
coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and gangrenous.
What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER Coagulative necrosis is a morphological
descriptor used to describe what happens when cells die and remain the same size and
have the characteristics of living cells.
What is liquefactive necrosis? - ANSWER Liquefactive necrosis is when the tissue is
rendered liquid by enzymatic dissolution.
What is caseous necrosis? - ANSWER Caseous necrosis is when tissue partially
liquefies or was liquid and dehydrates. (Looks cheesy)
What is gangrenous necrosis? - ANSWER Gangrenous necrosis is when there is
coagulative necrosis that proceeds to liquid by bacterial action (moist gangrene) or
becomes dry and mummified following infarction, and gas gangrene when
contaminating bacteria cause necrosis and produce gas.
What are the morphological descriptors of dead cells? - ANSWER The morphological
descriptors of dead cells include apoptotic morphology, necrotic morphology, and
cytoplasmic vacuolation.
What is apoptosis? - ANSWER Apoptosis is when cells undergo shrinkage, activation of
,caspase enzymes internally, nuclear fragmentation, cellular shrinkage, fragmentation,
and engulfment by surrounding cells.
What is autophagy? - ANSWER Autophagy occurs when parts of the cytoplasm and
damaged organelles are bound by membranes to become autophagosomes, which then
fuse with lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes.
What is oncotic cell death? - ANSWER Oncotic cell death is a type of cell death where
cells swell so they are larger
Components of blood - ANSWER Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Plasma - ANSWER Composed of fluid, proteins, electrolytes, and many other
substances. Includes albumin, clotting proteins, and immunoglobulins.
Capillary bed - ANSWER Area of the vascular system composed of endothelial cells that
form a barrier between the intravascular space and the extravascular space.
Starling's forces - ANSWER Counteracting forces responsible for maintaining normal
blood and tissue fluids. Determines the movement of fluid in the capillary bed.
Edema - ANSWER Excessive amount of fluid in a tissue or body cavity/space.
Arteriole - ANSWER Vessel at the entrance of the capillary bed that regulates pressure
within the capillary bed.
Oncotic pressure - ANSWER Pressure exerted by proteins such as albumin in the blood
vascular system that moves fluid from the extracellular compartment around tissue cells
, back into the vascular system.
What is inflammatory edema? - ANSWER Inflammatory edema occurs when there are
alterations to the forces at the venous end of the capillary, either with a reduction in
oncotic pressure or an increase in venous hydrostatic pressure.
Noninflammatory edema - ANSWER Edema caused by mechanisms such as increased
venous hydrostatic pressure, reduced intravascular oncotic pressure, lymphatic
obstruction, and increased total body water/sodium retention.
Examples of noninflammatory edema - ANSWER Examples of noninflammatory edema
include ascites, hydropericardium, hydrothorax, and peripheral edema.
Causes of postural edema - ANSWER Postural edema is caused by increased
hydrostatic pressure on the venous side either by venous obstruction by postural
causes or heart failure.
What is hypoproteinemia? - ANSWER Hypoproteinemia is a reduced amount of protein
(usually albumin) in the blood. With hypoalbuminaemia, oncotic pressure in the
intravascular space is reduced and there is less attraction for fluid to re-enter the blood
vascular system.
Causes of hypoproteinemia - ANSWER Causes of hypoproteinemia include
protein-losing renal and intestinal disease.
Causes of edema due to sodium and water retention - ANSWER Edema due to sodium
and water retention occurs in people with renal disease and frequently with women of
childbearing age where hormonal changes (aldosterone) associated with menstruation
results in the retention of sodium.
Causes of lymphatic obstruction - ANSWER Lymphatic obstruction occurs when a lymph
node is removed in the staging of cancer, and the lymphatic vessel is therefore
obstructed. Less commonly these days is the disease called elephantiasis.
