NCTRC Exam Study Guide (Grow Through Flow)
Questions With Complete Solutions
Contingent Feedback
acknowledge the effort the person makes. Avoid direct negative
statements
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 0-2 years old
Name: Oral
Pleasure Source: Mouth (sucking, biting, swallowing)
Conflict: Weaning away from mother's breast
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 2-4 years old
Name: Anal
Pleasure Source: Anus (defecating or holding feces)
Conflict: Toilet training
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 4-5 years old
Name: Phallic
Pleasure Source: Genitals
Conflict: Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls)
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 6 years old -
puberty
Name: Latency
Pleasure Source: Sexual urges sublimated into sport and
hobbies; same-sex friend also help avoid sexual feelings
Conflict:
,Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: puberty onwards
Name: Genital
Pleasure Source: Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed
needs; direct sexual feelings towards others lead to sexual
gratification
Conflict: Social rules
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Oral-
Sensory (Birth to 1 year)
Trust vs. mistrust: Babies learn either to trust or mistrust that
others will care for their basic needs including nourishment,
sucking, warm, cleanliness, and physical contact
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Musculo-
Anal (1-3 years)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: Children learn to either be
self-sufficient in many activities, including tolerating, feeding,
walking, and talking or to doubt their own abilities
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Locomotor-
Genital (3-5 years)
Initiative vs. guilt: Children want to undertake many adult like
activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and
feel guilty
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Latency (6-11
years)
Industry vs. inferiority: Children busily learn to be competent
and productive to feel inferior and unable to do anything well
,Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial
Development: Adolescence (12-18 years)
Identity vs. role confusion: Adolescents try to figure out "Who
Am I?" and they establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities, or
are confused about what future roles to play
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Young
Adulthood (19-35 years)
Intimacy vs. isolation: Young adults seek companionship and
love with another person or become isolated from others
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Adulthood (35-
50 years)
Generativity vs. stagnation:* Middle aged adults are productive,
performing meaningful work, and raising a family, or become
stagnant and inactive
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Maturity (50+)
Integrity vs. despair: Older adults try to make send out of their
lives, either seeing life as meaningful and whole or despairing at
goals never reached and questions never answered
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Sensory-
Motor (Birth to 2 years)
• Differentiates self from objects
• Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act
intentionally (ex: pulls a strong to set mobile in motion or
shakes a rattle to make noise)
, • Achieves object permanence, realizes that things continue to
exist even when no longer present to the sense
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Pre-Operational (2-7
years)
• Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and
words
• Thinking is still egocentric, has difficulty taking the
viewpoints of others
• Classifies objects by a single feature (ex: groups together all
red blocks, regardless of shape, or all the square blocks,
regardless of color)
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Concrete
Operational (7-11 years)
• Can think logically about objects and events
• Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and
weight (age 9)
• Classifies objects according to several features and can order
them in a series along a single dimension, such as size
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Formal
Operational (11+)
• Can think logically about abstract prepositions and test
hypothesis systematically
• Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and
ideological problems
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: Early Adulthood
Questions With Complete Solutions
Contingent Feedback
acknowledge the effort the person makes. Avoid direct negative
statements
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 0-2 years old
Name: Oral
Pleasure Source: Mouth (sucking, biting, swallowing)
Conflict: Weaning away from mother's breast
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 2-4 years old
Name: Anal
Pleasure Source: Anus (defecating or holding feces)
Conflict: Toilet training
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 4-5 years old
Name: Phallic
Pleasure Source: Genitals
Conflict: Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls)
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: 6 years old -
puberty
Name: Latency
Pleasure Source: Sexual urges sublimated into sport and
hobbies; same-sex friend also help avoid sexual feelings
Conflict:
,Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: puberty onwards
Name: Genital
Pleasure Source: Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed
needs; direct sexual feelings towards others lead to sexual
gratification
Conflict: Social rules
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Oral-
Sensory (Birth to 1 year)
Trust vs. mistrust: Babies learn either to trust or mistrust that
others will care for their basic needs including nourishment,
sucking, warm, cleanliness, and physical contact
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Musculo-
Anal (1-3 years)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: Children learn to either be
self-sufficient in many activities, including tolerating, feeding,
walking, and talking or to doubt their own abilities
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Locomotor-
Genital (3-5 years)
Initiative vs. guilt: Children want to undertake many adult like
activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and
feel guilty
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Latency (6-11
years)
Industry vs. inferiority: Children busily learn to be competent
and productive to feel inferior and unable to do anything well
,Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial
Development: Adolescence (12-18 years)
Identity vs. role confusion: Adolescents try to figure out "Who
Am I?" and they establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities, or
are confused about what future roles to play
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Young
Adulthood (19-35 years)
Intimacy vs. isolation: Young adults seek companionship and
love with another person or become isolated from others
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Adulthood (35-
50 years)
Generativity vs. stagnation:* Middle aged adults are productive,
performing meaningful work, and raising a family, or become
stagnant and inactive
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Maturity (50+)
Integrity vs. despair: Older adults try to make send out of their
lives, either seeing life as meaningful and whole or despairing at
goals never reached and questions never answered
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Sensory-
Motor (Birth to 2 years)
• Differentiates self from objects
• Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act
intentionally (ex: pulls a strong to set mobile in motion or
shakes a rattle to make noise)
, • Achieves object permanence, realizes that things continue to
exist even when no longer present to the sense
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Pre-Operational (2-7
years)
• Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and
words
• Thinking is still egocentric, has difficulty taking the
viewpoints of others
• Classifies objects by a single feature (ex: groups together all
red blocks, regardless of shape, or all the square blocks,
regardless of color)
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Concrete
Operational (7-11 years)
• Can think logically about objects and events
• Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and
weight (age 9)
• Classifies objects according to several features and can order
them in a series along a single dimension, such as size
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: Formal
Operational (11+)
• Can think logically about abstract prepositions and test
hypothesis systematically
• Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and
ideological problems
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: Early Adulthood
