PNR 101 Exam 1 Questions Fully Solved Latest Version 2025-2026
Four behaviors of critical thinking - Answers 1. Develop critical thinking character
2. Develop theoretical and experiential knowledge
3. Develop interpersonal skills
4. Develop technical skills
Inductive Reasoning - Answers Generalizations formed from a set of facts or observations
Deductive Reasoning - Answers Reasoning from general premise to specific conclusion
Knowledge based - Answers Drawn from education
Experience based - Answers Obtained by working in your practice
Competence - Answers Problem solving and clinical decision
Attitudes - Answers Eleven are required to think effectively
Standards - Answers Intellectual and professional
Noticing - Answers Gathering information about an environment
Interpreting - Answers Analyzing and interpreting the gathered info
Responding - Answers Formulating and prioritizing possible actions from a range of options
Reflecting - Answers Reflect on outcomes of actions
Barriers to critical thinking - Answers Bias, Stereotype, emotions, time constraints
Normal Flora - Answers Microorganism live on skin, nasopharynx, GI tract. Don't become infection
unless susceptible.
Microbiome - Answers Acquired at birth, evolves over time. Different across body sites and individuals.
Impacts immune system.
Viruses - Answers DNA or RNA. Protected by coating of protein
Bacteria - Answers Single Cell. No nucleus
Fungi - Answers Contain nucleus protected by membrane and thick cell wall. Harder to kill.
Parasite - Answers Act like tiny animals. Living and feeding on host.
, Non Specific inate immunity - Answers System of defenses in the body. Targets pathogens in non
specific manner. Present from birth. Physical, chemical and cellular defense.
Physical defense (non spec. inate) - Answers Skin, mucous, mechanical
Chemical (non spec inate) - Answers sebaceous glands, pH, chemical mediators. Fluid portion of blood
contains acute phase proteins, complement protiens and cytokines.
Inflammation - Answers Response triggered by a cascade of chemical mediators. Occurs when
pathogens breach the non specific inate system or injury.
Specific adaptive immunity - Answers Activated when non specific inate response is insufficent.
Creates memory cells for each specific pathogen.
Provides host with long term protection from reinfection.
Cell mediated (spec adaptive) - Answers Carried out by T cells that mature in thymus.
Humoral ( spec adaptive) - Answers Activated B cells and antibodies
Pathogenicity - Answers Ability of a microorganism to cause disease
Virulence - Answers The degree to which a microorganism is likely to become a disease. Is a continuum.
Primary Pathogen - Answers Can cause disease in a host regardless of microbiome or immune system
Opportunistic pathogen - Answers Can cause disease only in situations that compromise the host's
defense.
Method of infection - Answers Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection
Bacteremia - Answers Presence of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia - Answers Bacteria that are both present and multiplying in the blood
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) - Answers Exaggerated inflammatory response that
affects the entire body.
Four behaviors of critical thinking - Answers 1. Develop critical thinking character
2. Develop theoretical and experiential knowledge
3. Develop interpersonal skills
4. Develop technical skills
Inductive Reasoning - Answers Generalizations formed from a set of facts or observations
Deductive Reasoning - Answers Reasoning from general premise to specific conclusion
Knowledge based - Answers Drawn from education
Experience based - Answers Obtained by working in your practice
Competence - Answers Problem solving and clinical decision
Attitudes - Answers Eleven are required to think effectively
Standards - Answers Intellectual and professional
Noticing - Answers Gathering information about an environment
Interpreting - Answers Analyzing and interpreting the gathered info
Responding - Answers Formulating and prioritizing possible actions from a range of options
Reflecting - Answers Reflect on outcomes of actions
Barriers to critical thinking - Answers Bias, Stereotype, emotions, time constraints
Normal Flora - Answers Microorganism live on skin, nasopharynx, GI tract. Don't become infection
unless susceptible.
Microbiome - Answers Acquired at birth, evolves over time. Different across body sites and individuals.
Impacts immune system.
Viruses - Answers DNA or RNA. Protected by coating of protein
Bacteria - Answers Single Cell. No nucleus
Fungi - Answers Contain nucleus protected by membrane and thick cell wall. Harder to kill.
Parasite - Answers Act like tiny animals. Living and feeding on host.
, Non Specific inate immunity - Answers System of defenses in the body. Targets pathogens in non
specific manner. Present from birth. Physical, chemical and cellular defense.
Physical defense (non spec. inate) - Answers Skin, mucous, mechanical
Chemical (non spec inate) - Answers sebaceous glands, pH, chemical mediators. Fluid portion of blood
contains acute phase proteins, complement protiens and cytokines.
Inflammation - Answers Response triggered by a cascade of chemical mediators. Occurs when
pathogens breach the non specific inate system or injury.
Specific adaptive immunity - Answers Activated when non specific inate response is insufficent.
Creates memory cells for each specific pathogen.
Provides host with long term protection from reinfection.
Cell mediated (spec adaptive) - Answers Carried out by T cells that mature in thymus.
Humoral ( spec adaptive) - Answers Activated B cells and antibodies
Pathogenicity - Answers Ability of a microorganism to cause disease
Virulence - Answers The degree to which a microorganism is likely to become a disease. Is a continuum.
Primary Pathogen - Answers Can cause disease in a host regardless of microbiome or immune system
Opportunistic pathogen - Answers Can cause disease only in situations that compromise the host's
defense.
Method of infection - Answers Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection
Bacteremia - Answers Presence of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia - Answers Bacteria that are both present and multiplying in the blood
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) - Answers Exaggerated inflammatory response that
affects the entire body.
