ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy Certificate Exam 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - ✔✔
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - ✔✔
The Normal Cell Cycle - ✔✔-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of
DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ✔✔Cell division produces two identical cells through
these two major phases
During interphase: - ✔✔Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three
steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ✔✔-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ✔✔-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ✔✔-Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and
move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ✔✔-G1 checkpoint
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ✔✔-The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ✔✔-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or
go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ✔✔-Exceptions to this are
those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, -and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ✔✔Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
✔✔http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/ani
mation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ✔✔-The cell cycle is
carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter
the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and
disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ✔✔1. cyclines
(D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ✔✔-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK
4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Immunotherapy Certificate Exam 2025
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - ✔✔
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - ✔✔
The Normal Cell Cycle - ✔✔-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of
DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ✔✔Cell division produces two identical cells through
these two major phases
During interphase: - ✔✔Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three
steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ✔✔-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ✔✔-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ✔✔-Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and
move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ✔✔-G1 checkpoint
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ✔✔-The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ✔✔-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or
go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ✔✔-Exceptions to this are
those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, -and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ✔✔Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
✔✔http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/ani
mation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ✔✔-The cell cycle is
carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter
the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and
disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ✔✔1. cyclines
(D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ✔✔-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK
4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
