USE THIS SOLUTION TO GET WELL PREPARED FOR FINAL EXAM GLPH 271
(Course Notes+ questions and answers MODULE 1-5) Queen's University
GLPH 271 Course Notes
Module 1
SECTION 1: HEALTH DEFINED
Two-Eyed Seeing Approach – combine Mi’qmaq First Nations approach (love, honesty, humility, and
respect to build trust, relationships, and safe spaces) & western approach (tactical, data-driven,
conventional scientific approaches) to offer a balanced perspective for healthcare professionals to
address the ongoing impacts of colonization and marginalization and reduce negative health outcomes.
Medicine Wheel Approach – used by Indigenous Peoples of Canada for health and healing for
generations. Many interpretations of this wheel:
- one perspective are that it is a reminder of the need for alignment in various dimensions of health
- Four directions correspond to physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health while the centre of
the wheel represents learning, beauty and harmony
- Circular shape symbolizes interconnectivity of all aspects of one’s being including the connection
with the natural world
- Different indigenous communities use the medicine wheel to represent the natural world in many
ways. The Four Directions of Anishinaabe medicine wheel which turns clockwise:
,1. East (yellow, eagle, tobacco, spring) represents the spiritual dimension of health- smudging,
singing, dancing, belief in a “Creator” higher power, relating to nature
2. South (red, coyote, cedar, summer) represents emotional dimension of health- positive self-
image, self-esteem, self-love and positive surrounding environment
3. West (black, bear, sage, autumn) represents physical dimension of health regular exercise,
balanced daily diet, adequate sleep
4. North (white, deer, sweet grass, winter) represents the mental dimension of health- quality
time with family, learning from Elders, and listening to oral stories
, Health Promoting Social Conditions
Necessary for all to experience health comprehensively includes:
1. Availability of health services: complete health requires access to a family doctor, emergency
health services, specialists, and necessary technologies like diagnostic tools, vaccines,
pharmaceuticals, etc. Should be available in a timely manner and without great financial burden
Lack: high rate of infectious diseases and mental illness in Indigenous communities, must
integrate indigenous culture/ healing into healthcare, intergenerational trauma of violence,
depression, anxiety, addiction and suicide that has been passed on to subsequent generations
2. Adequate housing: complete health requires access to a safe and secure home and community,
in which to live in peace and dignity.
Lack: overcrowding, repairs needed, improper funding due to crown owning land
3. Safe working conditions: complete health requires access to thorough and comprehensive
workplace training, an understanding of and reasonable protection against occupational
hazards, and a comfortable and supportive work environment.
Lack: vulnerable seasonal jobs, high fall rates, barriers to employment (racism, poverty, trauma,
education, literacy, policy, geography)
4. Nutritious foods: complete health also requires access to a variety of foods that provide the
macro and micro-nutrients needed to support growth, maintain sufficient energy levels, and
feel good, all without great financial burden.
Lack: food insecurity factors (poverty and social assistance), boil water advisories, no access to
clean drinking water
Global Health is established based on 4 FACTORS:
1. Data Evidence: decision making is based on data and evidence (statistics, surveillance,
outbreaks investigations, lab science)
2. Population Focused: focused on populations and not individuals
3. Social Justice: goal of social justice and equity
4. Emphasis on Prevention: emphasizes prevention over curative care
Global Health: Definition
- An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and
achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
- Emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions
- Involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences
- Promotes interdisciplinary collaboration
- Is a synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care
Public Health components:
1. Preventing Diseases: food inspections, evaluations of water and air quality
2. Prolonging life: zoning laws to promote active transport, workplace health and safety
regulations, vaccination requirements
, 3. Promoting Health: campaigns encouraging physical activity, nutritional education programs, flu
vaccinations
Promoting Health: Opaskwayak Cree Nation (OCN)
- July 2020, OCN signed a declaration to being the process of creating a law giving them
jurisdiction over their child and family services rather than the Manitoba provincial government
- OCN also raised their own pride flag for the first time and encouraged other Indigenous
communities to follow suit
Promoting Health Locally Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte
- Established a community health program that promotes health and provides health services to
all community members independent of status, and whether the person is on or off reserve
- Services include weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar checks, immunizations, prenatal
classes, and numerous diabetic services
- This program contributes to the Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program-FNIC which has the goal of
improving maternal and infant nutritional health
- Offer monthly food vouchers to pregnant women
Indian Act of 1876
- Canadian colonial governments tried to assimilate Indigenous peoples when Indigenous folks
tried to assert their treaty rights and use their territories and reserves in traditional ways
through this act which defined who was “Indian” without any consultation from Indigenous
communities
- Imposed western electoral system, ignoring traditional selection processes, and excluded
Indigenous women creates internal strife within Indigenous communities today due to
parallel systems of governance where traditional chiefs and elected governing bodies co-exist
(sometimes in conflict with each other) …all done in the name of Christianity and “saving”
people
Health as a Human Right
- WHO: “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is one
of the fundamental rights to every human being without distinction of race, religion, political
belief, economic, or social condition”
- WHO acts as the directing and coordinating authority for health within the UN system by:
- Providing leadership on global health matters
- Shaping the health research agenda
- Setting norms and standards
- Articulating evidence-based policy options
- Providing technical support to countries
- Monitoring and assessing health trends
Q: Everyone has the right to a standard of living that promotes health (T/F)
Q: Motherhood and childhood are not entitled to special care and assistance (T/F)
Q: Everyone should have the right to security in the event of health impacting circumstances (i.e.,
unemployment, disability, widowhood, sickness) (T/F)
(Course Notes+ questions and answers MODULE 1-5) Queen's University
GLPH 271 Course Notes
Module 1
SECTION 1: HEALTH DEFINED
Two-Eyed Seeing Approach – combine Mi’qmaq First Nations approach (love, honesty, humility, and
respect to build trust, relationships, and safe spaces) & western approach (tactical, data-driven,
conventional scientific approaches) to offer a balanced perspective for healthcare professionals to
address the ongoing impacts of colonization and marginalization and reduce negative health outcomes.
Medicine Wheel Approach – used by Indigenous Peoples of Canada for health and healing for
generations. Many interpretations of this wheel:
- one perspective are that it is a reminder of the need for alignment in various dimensions of health
- Four directions correspond to physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health while the centre of
the wheel represents learning, beauty and harmony
- Circular shape symbolizes interconnectivity of all aspects of one’s being including the connection
with the natural world
- Different indigenous communities use the medicine wheel to represent the natural world in many
ways. The Four Directions of Anishinaabe medicine wheel which turns clockwise:
,1. East (yellow, eagle, tobacco, spring) represents the spiritual dimension of health- smudging,
singing, dancing, belief in a “Creator” higher power, relating to nature
2. South (red, coyote, cedar, summer) represents emotional dimension of health- positive self-
image, self-esteem, self-love and positive surrounding environment
3. West (black, bear, sage, autumn) represents physical dimension of health regular exercise,
balanced daily diet, adequate sleep
4. North (white, deer, sweet grass, winter) represents the mental dimension of health- quality
time with family, learning from Elders, and listening to oral stories
, Health Promoting Social Conditions
Necessary for all to experience health comprehensively includes:
1. Availability of health services: complete health requires access to a family doctor, emergency
health services, specialists, and necessary technologies like diagnostic tools, vaccines,
pharmaceuticals, etc. Should be available in a timely manner and without great financial burden
Lack: high rate of infectious diseases and mental illness in Indigenous communities, must
integrate indigenous culture/ healing into healthcare, intergenerational trauma of violence,
depression, anxiety, addiction and suicide that has been passed on to subsequent generations
2. Adequate housing: complete health requires access to a safe and secure home and community,
in which to live in peace and dignity.
Lack: overcrowding, repairs needed, improper funding due to crown owning land
3. Safe working conditions: complete health requires access to thorough and comprehensive
workplace training, an understanding of and reasonable protection against occupational
hazards, and a comfortable and supportive work environment.
Lack: vulnerable seasonal jobs, high fall rates, barriers to employment (racism, poverty, trauma,
education, literacy, policy, geography)
4. Nutritious foods: complete health also requires access to a variety of foods that provide the
macro and micro-nutrients needed to support growth, maintain sufficient energy levels, and
feel good, all without great financial burden.
Lack: food insecurity factors (poverty and social assistance), boil water advisories, no access to
clean drinking water
Global Health is established based on 4 FACTORS:
1. Data Evidence: decision making is based on data and evidence (statistics, surveillance,
outbreaks investigations, lab science)
2. Population Focused: focused on populations and not individuals
3. Social Justice: goal of social justice and equity
4. Emphasis on Prevention: emphasizes prevention over curative care
Global Health: Definition
- An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and
achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
- Emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions
- Involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences
- Promotes interdisciplinary collaboration
- Is a synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care
Public Health components:
1. Preventing Diseases: food inspections, evaluations of water and air quality
2. Prolonging life: zoning laws to promote active transport, workplace health and safety
regulations, vaccination requirements
, 3. Promoting Health: campaigns encouraging physical activity, nutritional education programs, flu
vaccinations
Promoting Health: Opaskwayak Cree Nation (OCN)
- July 2020, OCN signed a declaration to being the process of creating a law giving them
jurisdiction over their child and family services rather than the Manitoba provincial government
- OCN also raised their own pride flag for the first time and encouraged other Indigenous
communities to follow suit
Promoting Health Locally Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte
- Established a community health program that promotes health and provides health services to
all community members independent of status, and whether the person is on or off reserve
- Services include weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar checks, immunizations, prenatal
classes, and numerous diabetic services
- This program contributes to the Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program-FNIC which has the goal of
improving maternal and infant nutritional health
- Offer monthly food vouchers to pregnant women
Indian Act of 1876
- Canadian colonial governments tried to assimilate Indigenous peoples when Indigenous folks
tried to assert their treaty rights and use their territories and reserves in traditional ways
through this act which defined who was “Indian” without any consultation from Indigenous
communities
- Imposed western electoral system, ignoring traditional selection processes, and excluded
Indigenous women creates internal strife within Indigenous communities today due to
parallel systems of governance where traditional chiefs and elected governing bodies co-exist
(sometimes in conflict with each other) …all done in the name of Christianity and “saving”
people
Health as a Human Right
- WHO: “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is one
of the fundamental rights to every human being without distinction of race, religion, political
belief, economic, or social condition”
- WHO acts as the directing and coordinating authority for health within the UN system by:
- Providing leadership on global health matters
- Shaping the health research agenda
- Setting norms and standards
- Articulating evidence-based policy options
- Providing technical support to countries
- Monitoring and assessing health trends
Q: Everyone has the right to a standard of living that promotes health (T/F)
Q: Motherhood and childhood are not entitled to special care and assistance (T/F)
Q: Everyone should have the right to security in the event of health impacting circumstances (i.e.,
unemployment, disability, widowhood, sickness) (T/F)
