Test Bank for Basic Nutrition and Diet
1-a-hydroxylase - ANSWER-The enzyme in the kidneys that
catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction of 25-
hydroxycholecalciferol to calcitriol, which is the active form of
vitamin D; 1-⬆️-hydroxylase activity is increased by parathyroid
hormone when blood calcium levels are low
.Absorption - ANSWER-The process by which nutrients are
taken into the cells that line the gastrointestinal tract
.Acetone - ANSWER-A major ketone compound that results
from fat breakdown for energy in individuals with
uncontrolled diabetes
.Achalasia - ANSWER-A disorder of the esophagus in which the
muscles of the tube fail to relax, thereby inhibiting normal
swallowing
,.Acidic or alkaline diets - ANSWER-Diets based on the theory
that diets high in acidic foods will disrupt the body's normal
pH balance, which is slightly alkaline
.Acidosis - ANSWER-A blood pH of less than 7.35; respiratory
acidosis is caused by an accumulation of carbon dioxide (an
acid); metabolic acidosis may be caused by a variety of
conditions that result in the excess accumulation of acids in
the body or by a significant loss of bicarbonate (a base)
.Adipocytes - ANSWER-Fat cells
.Adipose - ANSWER-Fat stored in the cells of adipose (fatty)
tissue
.Adipose tissue - ANSWER-The storage site for excess fat
.Aerobic capacity - ANSWER-A state in which oxygen is
required to proceed; milliliters of oxygen consumed per
kilogram of body weight per minute as influenced by body
composition
,.Aldosterone - ANSWER-A hormone of the adrenal glands that
acts on the distal nephron tubule to stimulate the
reabsorption of sodium in an ion exchange with potassium
.Aldosteronoma - ANSWER-The excess secretion of
aldosterone from the adrenal cortex; symptoms and
complications include sodium retention, potassium wasting,
alkalosis, weakness, paralysis, polyuria, polydipsia,
hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias
.Alkalosis - ANSWER-A blood pH of more than 7.45;
respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation and an
excess loss of carbon dioxide; metabolic alkalosis is seen with
extensive vomiting in which a significant amount of
hydrochloric acid is lost and bicarbonate (a base) is secreted
.Allergens - ANSWER-Food proteins that elicit an immune
system response or an allergic reaction; symptoms may
include itching, swelling, hives, diarrhea, and difficulty
breathing as well as anaphylaxis in the worst cases
.Allergy - ANSWER-A state of hypersensitivity to particular
substances in the environment that works on the body tissues
to produce problems in the functioning of the affected tissues
, .Alpha-linolenic acid - ANSWER-An essentially fatty acid with
18 carbon atoms and three double bonds; found in soybean,
canola, and flaxseed oil
.Amenorrhea - ANSWER-The absence of a menstrual period in
a woman of reproductive age
.Amenorrheic - ANSWER-The absence of abnormal cessation
of the menses
.Amino acids - ANSWER-The nitrogen-bearing compounds that
form the structural units of protein
.Aminopeptidase - ANSWER-A specific protein-splitting
enzyme secreted by glands in the walls of the small intestine
that breaks off the nitrogen-containing amino end of the
peptide chain, thereby producing smaller-chained peptides
and free amino acids
.Anabolism - ANSWER-The metabolic process of building large
substances from smaller parts
1-a-hydroxylase - ANSWER-The enzyme in the kidneys that
catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction of 25-
hydroxycholecalciferol to calcitriol, which is the active form of
vitamin D; 1-⬆️-hydroxylase activity is increased by parathyroid
hormone when blood calcium levels are low
.Absorption - ANSWER-The process by which nutrients are
taken into the cells that line the gastrointestinal tract
.Acetone - ANSWER-A major ketone compound that results
from fat breakdown for energy in individuals with
uncontrolled diabetes
.Achalasia - ANSWER-A disorder of the esophagus in which the
muscles of the tube fail to relax, thereby inhibiting normal
swallowing
,.Acidic or alkaline diets - ANSWER-Diets based on the theory
that diets high in acidic foods will disrupt the body's normal
pH balance, which is slightly alkaline
.Acidosis - ANSWER-A blood pH of less than 7.35; respiratory
acidosis is caused by an accumulation of carbon dioxide (an
acid); metabolic acidosis may be caused by a variety of
conditions that result in the excess accumulation of acids in
the body or by a significant loss of bicarbonate (a base)
.Adipocytes - ANSWER-Fat cells
.Adipose - ANSWER-Fat stored in the cells of adipose (fatty)
tissue
.Adipose tissue - ANSWER-The storage site for excess fat
.Aerobic capacity - ANSWER-A state in which oxygen is
required to proceed; milliliters of oxygen consumed per
kilogram of body weight per minute as influenced by body
composition
,.Aldosterone - ANSWER-A hormone of the adrenal glands that
acts on the distal nephron tubule to stimulate the
reabsorption of sodium in an ion exchange with potassium
.Aldosteronoma - ANSWER-The excess secretion of
aldosterone from the adrenal cortex; symptoms and
complications include sodium retention, potassium wasting,
alkalosis, weakness, paralysis, polyuria, polydipsia,
hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias
.Alkalosis - ANSWER-A blood pH of more than 7.45;
respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation and an
excess loss of carbon dioxide; metabolic alkalosis is seen with
extensive vomiting in which a significant amount of
hydrochloric acid is lost and bicarbonate (a base) is secreted
.Allergens - ANSWER-Food proteins that elicit an immune
system response or an allergic reaction; symptoms may
include itching, swelling, hives, diarrhea, and difficulty
breathing as well as anaphylaxis in the worst cases
.Allergy - ANSWER-A state of hypersensitivity to particular
substances in the environment that works on the body tissues
to produce problems in the functioning of the affected tissues
, .Alpha-linolenic acid - ANSWER-An essentially fatty acid with
18 carbon atoms and three double bonds; found in soybean,
canola, and flaxseed oil
.Amenorrhea - ANSWER-The absence of a menstrual period in
a woman of reproductive age
.Amenorrheic - ANSWER-The absence of abnormal cessation
of the menses
.Amino acids - ANSWER-The nitrogen-bearing compounds that
form the structural units of protein
.Aminopeptidase - ANSWER-A specific protein-splitting
enzyme secreted by glands in the walls of the small intestine
that breaks off the nitrogen-containing amino end of the
peptide chain, thereby producing smaller-chained peptides
and free amino acids
.Anabolism - ANSWER-The metabolic process of building large
substances from smaller parts
