UBC EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM. LATEST VERSION 2025.pdf

UBC EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM.
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM STUDY
GUIDE LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026
100% VERIFIED BY EXPERT.
kilo - ans10^3
mega - ans10^6
giga - ans10^9
tera - ans10^12
c - ans10^-2
milli - ans10^-3
micro - ans10^-6
nano - ans10^-9
SI unit for time - anssecond
a - ansannum (1 year)
age of the Earth - ans4.57 Ga
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for EARTHQUAKES -
ansyears; minutes
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for VOLCANOES -
ansdecades; days
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for HURRICANE -
ansmonths; days
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for THUNDERSTORMS
- anshours; minutes
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for ROGUE WAVES -
anshours; seconds
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for LANDSLIDES -
ansdays; seconds
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for METEOR IMPACT -
ansmillennia; seconds
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for TSUNAMI -
ansminutes; hours
time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for FLOODS - anshours;
days
SI standard unit of distance - ansmetre
SI unit standard of mass - anskilogram
density - ansmass per unit volume (how much mass fits into a space); p or d
How is stratification linked to density? - ansstratification is the layering of materials. Less
dense materials float on top of denser materials.
layers of the atmosphere from top to surface of Earth - ansexosphere
thermosphere
mesophere
stratosphere
troposphere
layer of atmosphere with storms - anstroposphere
how can the ocean layers be divided? - ansby availability of light

,UBC EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM.
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM STUDY
GUIDE LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026
100% VERIFIED BY EXPERT.
by ecological parameters
layers of the Earth (from top down, based on chemical and physical characteristics) -
anslithosphere (solid, crust)
asthenosphere (plastic rock)
mesosphere (solid rock)
outer core (liquid metal)
inner core (solid metal)
layers of the Earth (from top down, based on density) - anscrust
mantle
core
order of magnitude - anspower of ten
exponential curve - ansstarts rising very slowly at first but increases faster and faster
logarithmic scale - ansthe ordinate (vertical axis) steps by powers of ten (orders of
magnitude)
disaster scale(s) for EARTHQUAKES - ansRichter
Modified Mercalli
Moment Magnitude
disaster scale(s) for VOLCANOES - ansVolcano Explosivity Index
disaster scale(s) for WIND AND WAVES - ansBeaufort Scale
disaster scale(s) for HURRICANES - ansSaffir-Simpson Scale
disaster scale(s) for THUNDERSTORMS - ansdBZ
disaster scale(s) for TORNADOES - ansFujita Scale
Torro Scale
disaster scale(s) for IMPACTS - ansTorino Scale
more intense disasters occur _______________ - ansless frequently
return period (RP) - ansthe average number of years between disaster events of the same
magnitude

RPm = time span of data record / number of cases of magnitude M
elements - ansbuilding blocks of our world
element - ansconsists of identical atoms
atom - ansthe smallest piece of an element, made of protons (+), neutrons (neutral) and
electrons (-)
nucleus - ansthe center of an atom that holds the protons and the neutrons
atomic number - ansnumber of protons
atomic mass number - anssum of protons + neutrons
isotopes - ansdifferent versions of an element that have the same number of protons but diff
numbers of neutrons
hydrogen - ansH, smallest atom, Aco water
helium - ansHe, non-reactive (noble gas) made by fusion in sun
carbon - ansC, aco most life forms on Earth, aco coal, graphite, diamonds

, UBC EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM.
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM STUDY
GUIDE LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026
100% VERIFIED BY EXPERT.
Nitrogen - ansN, Gco air, aco nitric-acid rain
Oxygen - ansO, Gco Earth's crust, 2nd Gco atmosphere, aco water, very reactive
sodium - ansNa, very reactive metal, aco salt in the ocean
magnesium - ansMg, light metal, reactive, Aco the mineral dolomite, aco salt in oceans
Aluminum - ansAl, a light metal used in cans, foil, aircraft, reactive, 3rd Gco Earth's crust
silicon - ansSi, a shiny silver-coloured semiconductor, 2nd Gco Earth's crust
Phosphorus - ansP, aco phosphate fertilizers
Sulphur - ansS, yellow, burnt match smell, Aco sulfuric acid rain, aco salt in oceans
chlorine - ansCl, very reactive (bleaches), aco salt in oceans
Argon - ansAr, third most common gas in Earth's atmosphere
Potassium - ansK, very reactive metal, Aco salt in oceans
Calcium - ansCa, aco limestone, bones, sea shells, salt in ocean
Titanium - ansTi, a strong light metal
Manganese - ansMn, a metal like iron
Iron - ansFe, a strong metal, Gco Earth's core, Aco meteorites, can become magnetic, 4th Gco
Earth's crust
Iridium - ansIr, rate element found in meteorites
top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CORE - ansIron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), unknown
top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CRUST - ansOxygen (O), Silicon (Si),
Aluminium (Al)
top three most abundant elements in OCEAN - ansHydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Chlorine (Cl)
top three most abundant elements in ATMOSPHERE - ansNitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Argon
(Ar)
molecules vs. ions - ansions are molecules that have a non-zero charge
minerals - ansnaturally occurring solid elements or molecules having a characteristic crystal
structure and chemical composition
crystal have atoms in molecules linked up in a _______ ________ - ansregular lattice
crystals often have directions of weakness along them called _______ ______. these occur
along the _________ bonds in the lattice. - anscleavage planes; weakest
three crystal shapes - ansCubic (halite, galena, pyrite)
Octahedral (diamond, fluorite)
Hexagonal column with pyramid (quartz, ice)
solids - ansnot very fluid
not very compressible
liquids - ansvery fluid
not very compressible
gases - ansvery fluid
very compressible
solid --> liquid - ansmelt
liquid --> gas - ansevaporate
solid --> gas - anssublimate