Cardiopulmonary Exercise Physiology
Exam with Complete Solutions
Five IMPORTANT Functions of the Cardiovascular System - ANS-- delivers oxygen to
active tissues
- returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- transports heat, a by-product of cellular metabolism, from the body's core to the skin
- delivers fuel, nutrients to active tissues
- transports hormones, the body's chemical messengers
Systemic Circulation - ANS-the portion of the CV which carries oxygenated blood away
from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation - ANS-the portion of the CV which carries deoxygenated blood
away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart
Heart Valves - ANS-- blood flow through the heart in one direction; from veins, to atria,
to ventricles, to arteries
- ensure that blood flows in the right direction through the heart
- are positioned so that they open and close passively because of pressure differences
Isovolumetric Contraction - ANS-for a brief period of time (0.02 to 0.06 sec), when all
heart values remain shut, ventricular pressure rises but volume and fiber length remain
unchanged
Isovolumetric Relaxation - ANS-for a brief period of time (0.02 to 0.06 sec), when all
heart valves remain shut, ventricular pressure drops but volume and fiber length remain
unchanged
Arteries - ANS-thick-walled, high pressure tubing that conducts oxygenated blood; have
smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells
Arterioles - ANS-smaller branched arteries, circular layers of connective tissue; constrict
or relax changing the resistance to blood flow; aka "resistance vessels"
Capillaries - ANS-single layer of endothelial cells line their walls; no smooth muscle;
diameter reduced to only allow 1 blood cell at a time; dormant ones open during
exercise; increased pressure; local metabolites; blood cell takes approx. 1.5 sec to pass
Venules - ANS-small veins that collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries
, Veins - ANS-thin-walled, lower pressure; also have smooth muscle cells and endothelial
cells
Rate Pressure Product (RPP) - ANS-- provides an noninvasive estimate of myocardial
workload (myocardial oxygen uptake)
- SBP * HR =?
- linear relationship with exercise intensity
static exercise - ANS-greater increase in SBP than dynamic exercise and therefore a
higher myocardial workload (RPP) than dynamic exercise
cardiac energy supply - ANS-- almost exclusively aerobic energy metabolism
- primary source of energy is long-chain fatty acids, glucose, and lactate formed in
skeletal muscle
- prolonged submax exercise = combination of glucose, fatty acids, and lactate
- maximal exercise = mainly lactate
purkinje fibers - ANS-transmit electrical impulses six times faster than normal ventricular
muscle fibers
P wave - ANS-atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ANS-ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
t wave - ANS-ventricular repolarization
atherosclerosis - ANS-fatty plaque that narrows coronary arteries
reduces blood flow to the myocardium
Vessels - ANS-act as a blood reservoir, holding 64% of blood volume (can be called
upon during exercise)
Distribution of Blood at Rest - ANS-Heart = 7%
Arteries = 13%
Arterioles, capillaries = 7%
Veins = 64%
Pulmonary system = 9%
Normal BP - ANS-SBP <120, DBP <80
Pre-hypertensive BP - ANS-SBP 120-139, DBP 80-89
Stage 1 Hypertension - ANS-SBP 140-159, DBP 90-99
Stage 2 Hypertension - ANS-SBP >= 160, DBP >= 100
Exam with Complete Solutions
Five IMPORTANT Functions of the Cardiovascular System - ANS-- delivers oxygen to
active tissues
- returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- transports heat, a by-product of cellular metabolism, from the body's core to the skin
- delivers fuel, nutrients to active tissues
- transports hormones, the body's chemical messengers
Systemic Circulation - ANS-the portion of the CV which carries oxygenated blood away
from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation - ANS-the portion of the CV which carries deoxygenated blood
away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart
Heart Valves - ANS-- blood flow through the heart in one direction; from veins, to atria,
to ventricles, to arteries
- ensure that blood flows in the right direction through the heart
- are positioned so that they open and close passively because of pressure differences
Isovolumetric Contraction - ANS-for a brief period of time (0.02 to 0.06 sec), when all
heart values remain shut, ventricular pressure rises but volume and fiber length remain
unchanged
Isovolumetric Relaxation - ANS-for a brief period of time (0.02 to 0.06 sec), when all
heart valves remain shut, ventricular pressure drops but volume and fiber length remain
unchanged
Arteries - ANS-thick-walled, high pressure tubing that conducts oxygenated blood; have
smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells
Arterioles - ANS-smaller branched arteries, circular layers of connective tissue; constrict
or relax changing the resistance to blood flow; aka "resistance vessels"
Capillaries - ANS-single layer of endothelial cells line their walls; no smooth muscle;
diameter reduced to only allow 1 blood cell at a time; dormant ones open during
exercise; increased pressure; local metabolites; blood cell takes approx. 1.5 sec to pass
Venules - ANS-small veins that collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries
, Veins - ANS-thin-walled, lower pressure; also have smooth muscle cells and endothelial
cells
Rate Pressure Product (RPP) - ANS-- provides an noninvasive estimate of myocardial
workload (myocardial oxygen uptake)
- SBP * HR =?
- linear relationship with exercise intensity
static exercise - ANS-greater increase in SBP than dynamic exercise and therefore a
higher myocardial workload (RPP) than dynamic exercise
cardiac energy supply - ANS-- almost exclusively aerobic energy metabolism
- primary source of energy is long-chain fatty acids, glucose, and lactate formed in
skeletal muscle
- prolonged submax exercise = combination of glucose, fatty acids, and lactate
- maximal exercise = mainly lactate
purkinje fibers - ANS-transmit electrical impulses six times faster than normal ventricular
muscle fibers
P wave - ANS-atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ANS-ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
t wave - ANS-ventricular repolarization
atherosclerosis - ANS-fatty plaque that narrows coronary arteries
reduces blood flow to the myocardium
Vessels - ANS-act as a blood reservoir, holding 64% of blood volume (can be called
upon during exercise)
Distribution of Blood at Rest - ANS-Heart = 7%
Arteries = 13%
Arterioles, capillaries = 7%
Veins = 64%
Pulmonary system = 9%
Normal BP - ANS-SBP <120, DBP <80
Pre-hypertensive BP - ANS-SBP 120-139, DBP 80-89
Stage 1 Hypertension - ANS-SBP 140-159, DBP 90-99
Stage 2 Hypertension - ANS-SBP >= 160, DBP >= 100
