Cardiopulmonary anatomy and
physiology Exam chapter 4 (jardins)
Gas Diffusion - ANS-Movement of gasses across the alveolar- capillary membrane (AC-
membrane)
Dalton's Law ( law of partial pressures) - ANS-The total pressure exerted by a mixure of
gasses is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas in the mixure
Partial pressure - ANS-The pressure exerted by each gas - is directly proportional to the
percentage of that gas in the gas mixture
Partial pressures of atmospheric gases - ANS-Nitrogen (Pn2) 592.8 mmHg -78.08%
Oxygen (Po2) 159.6 mmHg -20.95%
Carbon Dioxide(Pco2)0.2 mmHg 0.03%
Other gases (Pother)7mmHg 0.93%
What effect does altitude have on atmospheric pressure - ANS-Atmospheric pressure
decreases with an increase in altitude- the concentration of all atmospheric gases
remains the same
Atmospheric pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for each 33 feet of descent below sea
level.
Pressure gradient - ANS-Movement of gas from high pressure to low pressure.
Is the primary mechanism responsible for moving air in and out of the lungs during
ventilation
Decreased Dlco diagnostic sign of emphysema - ANS-Alveolar- capillary destruction is
not associated with other obstructive disorders. It is associated with restictive lung
disorders and pulmonary embolism
Hyperinflation and decreased Dlco /increased FRC = emphysema
Hypoinflation decreased Dlco/ decreased FRC = restrictive lung disease
Normal lung volume decreased Dlco/ normal FRC= pulmonary embolism
, Diffusion-limited gas flow - ANS-The movement of gas across the alveolar wall is a
function of the integrity of the alveolar capillary membrane itself
Clinical conditions that decrease the rate of diffusion - ANS-Alveolar
collapse( atelectasis)
Alveolar thickening
Pneumonia(alveolar consolidation)
Pulmonary edema(frothy secretions)
Interstitial edema
Emphysema( AC destruction)
How Oxygen can be either perfusion or diffusion limited - ANS-Under normal
circumstances the diffusion of oxygen is perfusion limited but under certain abnormal
conditions the transfer of oxygen may become diffusion limited
Factors that affect measured Dlco - ANS-Age- after age 20 the Dlco decreases
Lung volume-the greater the lung volume the greater the Dlco
Body size- the Dlco related to ideal Body size
Body position- Dlco is 15-20% greater in the supine position
Exercise-Dlco increases with exercise
Alveolar Po2(PAo2)-Dlco decreases in response to high PAo2
Hemoglobin concentration-anemia =low hemoglobin/low Dlco
Polycythemia= high Hemoglobin/high Dlco
Carboxyhemoglobin-co bound hemoglobin reduces Dlco
NBRC PRESSURE Values - ANS-Torr = blood gas values ( Pa02 Paco2)
Mm Hg = blood pressure and barometric pressure values
Idications for hyperbaric oxygenation - ANS-Gas disorders- gas embolism and
decompression sickness
Vascular disorders- radiation necrosis, diabetic wounds of the lower extremities,
nonhealing skin grafts, crush injuries, acute tramatic ischemias, thermal burns
Pulmonary disorders that increase the alveolar- capillary thickness - ANS-Pulmonary
edema, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease ( scleroderma, sarcoidosis, or
goodpasture's syndrome) ARDS, and RDS in newborns.
The total transit time ( 0.75 sec.) it takes venous blood to move through the alveolar-
capillary system may not be adequate for gas exchange.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy - ANS-The therapeutic application of oxygen pressures
greater than 1 atm.
According to Henry's law the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly related to the
partial pressure of the gas.
physiology Exam chapter 4 (jardins)
Gas Diffusion - ANS-Movement of gasses across the alveolar- capillary membrane (AC-
membrane)
Dalton's Law ( law of partial pressures) - ANS-The total pressure exerted by a mixure of
gasses is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas in the mixure
Partial pressure - ANS-The pressure exerted by each gas - is directly proportional to the
percentage of that gas in the gas mixture
Partial pressures of atmospheric gases - ANS-Nitrogen (Pn2) 592.8 mmHg -78.08%
Oxygen (Po2) 159.6 mmHg -20.95%
Carbon Dioxide(Pco2)0.2 mmHg 0.03%
Other gases (Pother)7mmHg 0.93%
What effect does altitude have on atmospheric pressure - ANS-Atmospheric pressure
decreases with an increase in altitude- the concentration of all atmospheric gases
remains the same
Atmospheric pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for each 33 feet of descent below sea
level.
Pressure gradient - ANS-Movement of gas from high pressure to low pressure.
Is the primary mechanism responsible for moving air in and out of the lungs during
ventilation
Decreased Dlco diagnostic sign of emphysema - ANS-Alveolar- capillary destruction is
not associated with other obstructive disorders. It is associated with restictive lung
disorders and pulmonary embolism
Hyperinflation and decreased Dlco /increased FRC = emphysema
Hypoinflation decreased Dlco/ decreased FRC = restrictive lung disease
Normal lung volume decreased Dlco/ normal FRC= pulmonary embolism
, Diffusion-limited gas flow - ANS-The movement of gas across the alveolar wall is a
function of the integrity of the alveolar capillary membrane itself
Clinical conditions that decrease the rate of diffusion - ANS-Alveolar
collapse( atelectasis)
Alveolar thickening
Pneumonia(alveolar consolidation)
Pulmonary edema(frothy secretions)
Interstitial edema
Emphysema( AC destruction)
How Oxygen can be either perfusion or diffusion limited - ANS-Under normal
circumstances the diffusion of oxygen is perfusion limited but under certain abnormal
conditions the transfer of oxygen may become diffusion limited
Factors that affect measured Dlco - ANS-Age- after age 20 the Dlco decreases
Lung volume-the greater the lung volume the greater the Dlco
Body size- the Dlco related to ideal Body size
Body position- Dlco is 15-20% greater in the supine position
Exercise-Dlco increases with exercise
Alveolar Po2(PAo2)-Dlco decreases in response to high PAo2
Hemoglobin concentration-anemia =low hemoglobin/low Dlco
Polycythemia= high Hemoglobin/high Dlco
Carboxyhemoglobin-co bound hemoglobin reduces Dlco
NBRC PRESSURE Values - ANS-Torr = blood gas values ( Pa02 Paco2)
Mm Hg = blood pressure and barometric pressure values
Idications for hyperbaric oxygenation - ANS-Gas disorders- gas embolism and
decompression sickness
Vascular disorders- radiation necrosis, diabetic wounds of the lower extremities,
nonhealing skin grafts, crush injuries, acute tramatic ischemias, thermal burns
Pulmonary disorders that increase the alveolar- capillary thickness - ANS-Pulmonary
edema, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease ( scleroderma, sarcoidosis, or
goodpasture's syndrome) ARDS, and RDS in newborns.
The total transit time ( 0.75 sec.) it takes venous blood to move through the alveolar-
capillary system may not be adequate for gas exchange.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy - ANS-The therapeutic application of oxygen pressures
greater than 1 atm.
According to Henry's law the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly related to the
partial pressure of the gas.
