1. Organization of the body
Proximal = nearer to the body (use only for structures on limbs)
Distal = further away from the body/trunk (use only for structures on limbs)
Deep = into the body
Superficial = more to surface of body
Superior (for humans)/Cranial = near to the head
Rostral = nearer to the nose
Cephalic = in or related to the head
Inferior/Caudal = near to the tail
Lateral = away from midline body
Medial = towards midline body
Peripheral = away from the center of the body (one point)
Central = towards the center of the body (one point)
Anterior/Ventral = near to the belly
Posterior/Dorsal = near to the back
Transverse direction = devides upper and lower body
Sagittal direction = devides left and right site
Coronal planes = devides dorsal and ventral (back and front)
,Physiology = branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living
things, form the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the
integrated behaviour of the whole body and the influence of the external
environment
Anatomy = the science that studies the structure of the body
Metabolism = all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of
our cells (anabolism + catabolism) = All the chemical processes that take place
in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body
Anabolism = the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones >
requires energy
Catabolism = the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones >
release energy
Ventral cavity = Viscera = collective term for all organs in thoraric and abdomino-
pelvic cavities
Thoraric cavity = chest cavity (heart, lungs)
Abdomino-pelvic cavity = abdomen cavity (stomach, small intestine, colon,
rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, bladder)
Dorsal cavity = brain and spinal cord
Clavicle = sleutelbeen
Carpals = wrist bones
Phalanges = finger bones
Cervival / cervix = neck > cervical vertabrae are superior to the rib cage
Hypochondriac = region of abdomen inferior to the ribs
Right sacral = staartbotje region
2. Skin (integumentary system)
, Superficial Epidermis = surface epithelium of the skin overlying dermis
(contains most of normal flora, bacteria)
Stratum corneum (most superficial layer epidermis, waterproof): not
comprised of living cells
o Body protection against dehydration and form bacteria in the same
way that the peel of (say) an apple protects its content
o Keratinocytes: Keratin is deposited in them > protective
protein, less prone to scratching or tearing than other types of cells
your body produce
Makes skin waterproof and kills cells
Found in claws, nails, hoofs
o Glycolipid in between cells
Stratum granulosum & stratum lucidum
Squamous cell layer
Stratum germinativum (deepest layer epidermis) / basal layer
o Keratinocytes are actively dividing
o Melanocytes produce melanin
o Dendrocytes migrate to the skin from bone marrow and become
macrophages here
o Merkel cells are sensory receptors of the skin
Dermis = thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true
skin
Papillary dermal layer = upper layer
o Thin arrangement of collagen fibers
o Most superficial layer that also contains capillaries, lymphatics
and sensory neurons
Reticular dermal layer = lower layer
o Thicker collagen fibers
Contains:
o Blood capillaries
o Hair roots
o Several types of sensory receptors
Free nerve endings or encapsulated
o Exocrine sweat and oil glands
Sebaceous glands > produce sebum (oil)
Sudiferous gland > sweat glands
Eccrine/merocrine through duct
Apocrine through hair follicle
Epithelial tissue = layer of cells that line hollow organs and glands
o Glands = organs that produce and secrete fluids > exocrine (with
ducts) or endocrine (directly in bloodstream)
Deeper dermis = contains much connective tissue
Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue, hypodermis, not part of
skin/integument)
Network of fat and collagen cells
Hairs
Feathers
Claws
Hoofs
Proximal = nearer to the body (use only for structures on limbs)
Distal = further away from the body/trunk (use only for structures on limbs)
Deep = into the body
Superficial = more to surface of body
Superior (for humans)/Cranial = near to the head
Rostral = nearer to the nose
Cephalic = in or related to the head
Inferior/Caudal = near to the tail
Lateral = away from midline body
Medial = towards midline body
Peripheral = away from the center of the body (one point)
Central = towards the center of the body (one point)
Anterior/Ventral = near to the belly
Posterior/Dorsal = near to the back
Transverse direction = devides upper and lower body
Sagittal direction = devides left and right site
Coronal planes = devides dorsal and ventral (back and front)
,Physiology = branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living
things, form the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the
integrated behaviour of the whole body and the influence of the external
environment
Anatomy = the science that studies the structure of the body
Metabolism = all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of
our cells (anabolism + catabolism) = All the chemical processes that take place
in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body
Anabolism = the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones >
requires energy
Catabolism = the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones >
release energy
Ventral cavity = Viscera = collective term for all organs in thoraric and abdomino-
pelvic cavities
Thoraric cavity = chest cavity (heart, lungs)
Abdomino-pelvic cavity = abdomen cavity (stomach, small intestine, colon,
rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, bladder)
Dorsal cavity = brain and spinal cord
Clavicle = sleutelbeen
Carpals = wrist bones
Phalanges = finger bones
Cervival / cervix = neck > cervical vertabrae are superior to the rib cage
Hypochondriac = region of abdomen inferior to the ribs
Right sacral = staartbotje region
2. Skin (integumentary system)
, Superficial Epidermis = surface epithelium of the skin overlying dermis
(contains most of normal flora, bacteria)
Stratum corneum (most superficial layer epidermis, waterproof): not
comprised of living cells
o Body protection against dehydration and form bacteria in the same
way that the peel of (say) an apple protects its content
o Keratinocytes: Keratin is deposited in them > protective
protein, less prone to scratching or tearing than other types of cells
your body produce
Makes skin waterproof and kills cells
Found in claws, nails, hoofs
o Glycolipid in between cells
Stratum granulosum & stratum lucidum
Squamous cell layer
Stratum germinativum (deepest layer epidermis) / basal layer
o Keratinocytes are actively dividing
o Melanocytes produce melanin
o Dendrocytes migrate to the skin from bone marrow and become
macrophages here
o Merkel cells are sensory receptors of the skin
Dermis = thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true
skin
Papillary dermal layer = upper layer
o Thin arrangement of collagen fibers
o Most superficial layer that also contains capillaries, lymphatics
and sensory neurons
Reticular dermal layer = lower layer
o Thicker collagen fibers
Contains:
o Blood capillaries
o Hair roots
o Several types of sensory receptors
Free nerve endings or encapsulated
o Exocrine sweat and oil glands
Sebaceous glands > produce sebum (oil)
Sudiferous gland > sweat glands
Eccrine/merocrine through duct
Apocrine through hair follicle
Epithelial tissue = layer of cells that line hollow organs and glands
o Glands = organs that produce and secrete fluids > exocrine (with
ducts) or endocrine (directly in bloodstream)
Deeper dermis = contains much connective tissue
Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue, hypodermis, not part of
skin/integument)
Network of fat and collagen cells
Hairs
Feathers
Claws
Hoofs
