Nur 631 Midterm Study Guide 2025 with
Complete Solutions
NucleusN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-ControlNcenterNofNtheNcell
NucleolisN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-whereNribosomesNareNmade
MitochondriaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
PowerhouseNofNtheNcell,NorganelleNthatNisNtheNsiteNofNATPN(energy)Nproduction
phosolipidNbilayerN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
aNthinNpolarNmembraneNmadeNofNtwoNlayersNofNlipidNmolecules.NThisNstopsNwater-
solubleNmoleculesNfromNcrossingNtheNcellNmembrane
GolgiNcomplexN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
organelleNthatNmodifies,Npackages,NandNtransportsNmaterialNoutNofNtheNcell.
LysosomesN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
cellNorganelleNfilledNwithNenzymesNneededNtoNbreakNdownNcertainNmaterialsNinNtheNcell
CellNmembraneN(plasmaNmembrane)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
phospholipidNbilayerNthatNsurroundsNallNcellsNandNregulatesNwhatNentersNandNleavesNtheNcell
DNAN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANcomplexNmoleculeNcontainingNtheNgeneticNinformationNthatNmakesNupNtheNchromosomes.
RNAN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-ANsingle-strandedNnucleicNacidNthatNpassesNalongNgeneticNmessages
,MessengerNRNAN(mRNA)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
formNofNRNANthatNcarriesNgeneticNinformationNfromNtheNnucleusNtoNtheNcytoplasm,NwhereNitNserv
esNasNaNtemplateNforNproteinNsynthesis
RibosomesN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-MakesNproteins
EndoplasmicNReticulumN(ER)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANcellNstructureNthatNformsNaNmazeNofNpassagewaysNinNwhichNproteinsNandNotherNmaterialsNareNca
rriedNfromNoneNpartNofNtheNcellNtoNanother.
CytoplasmN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANjellylikeNfluidNinsideNtheNcellNinNwhichNtheNorganellesNareNsuspended
PeroxisomesN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-BreakNdownNfattyNacidsNandNproduceNhydrogenNperoxide
adherensNjunctionsN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
makeNanNadhesionNbeltNthatNkeepsNtissuesNfromNseparatingNasNtheyNstretchNandNcontract
DesmosomesN(anchoringNjunctions)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANtypeNofNcellNjunctionNinNanimalNcellsNthatNfunctionsNlikeNrivets,NfasteningNcellsNtogetherNintoNstro
ngNsheets.NIntermediateNfilamentsNmadeNofNsturdyNkeratinNproteinsNanchorNthemNinNtheNcytoplas
m.NTheyNattachNmuscleNcellsNtoNeachNotherNinNaNmuscle.
AnabolismN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
MetabolicNpathwaysNthatNconstructNmolecules,NrequiringNenergy.
CatabolismN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
MetabolicNpathwaysNthatNbreakNdownNmolecules,NreleasingNenergy.
,passiveNtransportN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
RequiresNNONenergy,NMovementNofNmoleculesNfromNhighNtoNlowNconcentration,NMovesNwithNtheN
concentrationNgradient
activeNtransportN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Energy-
requiringNprocessNthatNmovesNmaterialNacrossNaNcellNmembraneNagainstNaNconcentrationNdifferen
ce
OsmosisN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-DiffusionNofNwaterNthroughNaNselectivelyNpermeableNmembrane
isotonicNsolutionN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANsolutionNinNwhichNtheNconcentrationNofNsolutesNisNessentiallyNequalNtoNthatNofNtheNcellNwhichNre
sidesNinNtheNsolution
HypertonicN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
whenNcomparingNtwoNsolutions,NtheNsolutionNwithNtheNgreaterNconcentrationNofNsolutes.NCellsNsh
rink.
hypotonicNsolutionN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
aNsolutionNthatNcausesNaNcellNtoNswellNbecauseNofNosmosis
OsmolarityN(NlitersN)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-totalNconcentrationNofNallNsoluteNparticlesNinNaNsolution
OsmolalityN(Nkilograms)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
measurementsNofNtheNsoluteNconcentrationNofNaNsolution.
DepolarizationN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
TheNprocessNduringNtheNactionNpotentialNwhenNsodiumNisNrushingNintoNtheNcellNcausingNtheNinteri
orNtoNbecomeNmoreNpositive.
, refractoryNperiodN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-aNperiodNofNinactivityNafterNaNneuronNhasNfired
absoluteNrefractoryNperiodN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
timeNduringNwhichNanotherNactionNpotentialNisNimpossible.NDoesn'tNmatterNwhatNisNstimulatingNth
eNheart,NnothingNcanNhappenNduringNthisNperiod.
restingNpotentialN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-theNstateNofNtheNneuronNwhenNnotNfiringNaNneuralNimpulse
HypolarizationN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
AnNovershootNofNtheNrepolarizationNprocess;NcharacterizedNtheNcell'sNmembraneNpotentialNgoingN
belowNtheNnormalNrestingNlevel.
HyperpolarizationN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
anNincreaseNinNtheNmembraneNpotentialNofNaNcell,NrelativeNtoNtheNnormalNrestingNpotential
thresholdNpotentialN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
TheNminimumNmembraneNpotentialNthatNmustNbeNreachedNinNorderNforNanNactionNpotentialNtoNbe
Ngenerated.
repolarizationNphaseN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
membraneNpotentialNreturnsNtowardNtheNrestingNmembraneNpotentialNandNbecomesNmoreNnegati
ve
ProteinN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
WhatNtheNbodyNusesNtoNtransportNsomethingNacrossNcellNmembrane
ExotoxinsN(NbacteriaNgrowth)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
toxicNsubstancesNthatNbacteriaNsecreteNintoNtheirNenvironment
Complete Solutions
NucleusN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-ControlNcenterNofNtheNcell
NucleolisN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-whereNribosomesNareNmade
MitochondriaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
PowerhouseNofNtheNcell,NorganelleNthatNisNtheNsiteNofNATPN(energy)Nproduction
phosolipidNbilayerN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
aNthinNpolarNmembraneNmadeNofNtwoNlayersNofNlipidNmolecules.NThisNstopsNwater-
solubleNmoleculesNfromNcrossingNtheNcellNmembrane
GolgiNcomplexN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
organelleNthatNmodifies,Npackages,NandNtransportsNmaterialNoutNofNtheNcell.
LysosomesN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
cellNorganelleNfilledNwithNenzymesNneededNtoNbreakNdownNcertainNmaterialsNinNtheNcell
CellNmembraneN(plasmaNmembrane)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
phospholipidNbilayerNthatNsurroundsNallNcellsNandNregulatesNwhatNentersNandNleavesNtheNcell
DNAN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANcomplexNmoleculeNcontainingNtheNgeneticNinformationNthatNmakesNupNtheNchromosomes.
RNAN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-ANsingle-strandedNnucleicNacidNthatNpassesNalongNgeneticNmessages
,MessengerNRNAN(mRNA)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
formNofNRNANthatNcarriesNgeneticNinformationNfromNtheNnucleusNtoNtheNcytoplasm,NwhereNitNserv
esNasNaNtemplateNforNproteinNsynthesis
RibosomesN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-MakesNproteins
EndoplasmicNReticulumN(ER)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANcellNstructureNthatNformsNaNmazeNofNpassagewaysNinNwhichNproteinsNandNotherNmaterialsNareNca
rriedNfromNoneNpartNofNtheNcellNtoNanother.
CytoplasmN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANjellylikeNfluidNinsideNtheNcellNinNwhichNtheNorganellesNareNsuspended
PeroxisomesN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-BreakNdownNfattyNacidsNandNproduceNhydrogenNperoxide
adherensNjunctionsN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
makeNanNadhesionNbeltNthatNkeepsNtissuesNfromNseparatingNasNtheyNstretchNandNcontract
DesmosomesN(anchoringNjunctions)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANtypeNofNcellNjunctionNinNanimalNcellsNthatNfunctionsNlikeNrivets,NfasteningNcellsNtogetherNintoNstro
ngNsheets.NIntermediateNfilamentsNmadeNofNsturdyNkeratinNproteinsNanchorNthemNinNtheNcytoplas
m.NTheyNattachNmuscleNcellsNtoNeachNotherNinNaNmuscle.
AnabolismN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
MetabolicNpathwaysNthatNconstructNmolecules,NrequiringNenergy.
CatabolismN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
MetabolicNpathwaysNthatNbreakNdownNmolecules,NreleasingNenergy.
,passiveNtransportN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
RequiresNNONenergy,NMovementNofNmoleculesNfromNhighNtoNlowNconcentration,NMovesNwithNtheN
concentrationNgradient
activeNtransportN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Energy-
requiringNprocessNthatNmovesNmaterialNacrossNaNcellNmembraneNagainstNaNconcentrationNdifferen
ce
OsmosisN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-DiffusionNofNwaterNthroughNaNselectivelyNpermeableNmembrane
isotonicNsolutionN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
ANsolutionNinNwhichNtheNconcentrationNofNsolutesNisNessentiallyNequalNtoNthatNofNtheNcellNwhichNre
sidesNinNtheNsolution
HypertonicN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
whenNcomparingNtwoNsolutions,NtheNsolutionNwithNtheNgreaterNconcentrationNofNsolutes.NCellsNsh
rink.
hypotonicNsolutionN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
aNsolutionNthatNcausesNaNcellNtoNswellNbecauseNofNosmosis
OsmolarityN(NlitersN)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-totalNconcentrationNofNallNsoluteNparticlesNinNaNsolution
OsmolalityN(Nkilograms)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
measurementsNofNtheNsoluteNconcentrationNofNaNsolution.
DepolarizationN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
TheNprocessNduringNtheNactionNpotentialNwhenNsodiumNisNrushingNintoNtheNcellNcausingNtheNinteri
orNtoNbecomeNmoreNpositive.
, refractoryNperiodN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-aNperiodNofNinactivityNafterNaNneuronNhasNfired
absoluteNrefractoryNperiodN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
timeNduringNwhichNanotherNactionNpotentialNisNimpossible.NDoesn'tNmatterNwhatNisNstimulatingNth
eNheart,NnothingNcanNhappenNduringNthisNperiod.
restingNpotentialN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-theNstateNofNtheNneuronNwhenNnotNfiringNaNneuralNimpulse
HypolarizationN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
AnNovershootNofNtheNrepolarizationNprocess;NcharacterizedNtheNcell'sNmembraneNpotentialNgoingN
belowNtheNnormalNrestingNlevel.
HyperpolarizationN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
anNincreaseNinNtheNmembraneNpotentialNofNaNcell,NrelativeNtoNtheNnormalNrestingNpotential
thresholdNpotentialN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
TheNminimumNmembraneNpotentialNthatNmustNbeNreachedNinNorderNforNanNactionNpotentialNtoNbe
Ngenerated.
repolarizationNphaseN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
membraneNpotentialNreturnsNtowardNtheNrestingNmembraneNpotentialNandNbecomesNmoreNnegati
ve
ProteinN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
WhatNtheNbodyNusesNtoNtransportNsomethingNacrossNcellNmembrane
ExotoxinsN(NbacteriaNgrowth)N-NCORRECTNANSWERN-
toxicNsubstancesNthatNbacteriaNsecreteNintoNtheirNenvironment
