Anatomy exam 4 actual exam questions and answers 100% verified correct answers graded a+.

Ch. 12 - Nervous system and Nervous tissue. functional unit - Neuron or nerve cell - need O2 and glucose - correct answer the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body is the main tissue component of the two parts of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which regulates and controls bodily functions and activity What are the main function of the Nervous System? 1. Sensory receptors 2. Integration- sensory input -> decisions on what to do =process 3. effector organs- muscle or glands (motor output) - correct answer 1 Sensory nerves gather information from inside the body and the outside environment. The nerves then carry the information to central nervous system (CNS). 2 Sensory information brought to the CNS is processed and interpreted. 3 Motor nerves convey information from the CNS to the muscles and the glands of the body Be able to divide the NS functionally (sensory, motor, somatic, visceral) - correct answer Sensory (afferent) Somatic : skin, skeletal muscle, bones Visceral: hallow organ Motor (efferent) somatic : (voluntary) skeletal muscles visceral: Autonomic nervous system: involuntary hallow organ, cardiac and smooth muscle and glands Sympathetic (activity )Vs Parasympathetic (rest) Be able to structurally (PNS, CNS) and to id which portion of each makes up the ANS - correct answer CNS: Brain and spinal cord - integrative and control center PNS: Sensory and Motor - Somatic and Visceral Motor Visceral: Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary hallow organ, cardiac and smooth muscle and glands Sympathetic (activity )Vs Parasympathetic (rest) Id the parts of a typical neuron : cell body, axon, axon hillock, etc. and their functions - correct answer Cell Body: (soma=body) nucleus- in chromatophilic substance Dendrites: Receptive sites, conduct electrical signals towards the cell body Axon: only one axon; conductors that transmit nerve impulse away from the cell body Hillock: little hill "cone" ganglion: cluster of cell body Long Axon - nerve fiber Axon Terminal - release of neurotransmitters (excite or inhibit) Know the electrical signals (Action Potentials) are generated and propagated along neurons. - correct answer Nerve impulse is typically generated where the axon hillock and is conducted along the axon to the axon terminal - release neurotransmitters what is a synapse? how does does a signal cross the synapse? - correct answer Site where neurons communicates: Chemical messenger or electrically at gap junctions presynaptic neuron - neuron that conducts signals toward a synapes postsynaptic neuron - away 2 types: axodendritc: axon treminal to a dendrite axonsomatic: axon to soma Presynaptic contains synaptic vesicles and inside are neurotransmitters through the Synaptic cleft which diffuse and binds with the postsynaptic - nerve impulse ID 3 structural classes of neurons; and then be able to sub-classify them according to their functional classification (sensory, motor) - correct answer Multipolar: having more than two processes, alot of dendrites 99% in the body. may not have a cell body Bipolar: two processes extends from opposite sides of the cell body (special sense organ) unipolar: short, single process, cell body in the middle with two long branches. Pseudounipolar- use to be bipolar Sensory: afferent neurons - toward the CNS Motor: efferent neuron - away from the CNS to effector organs (muscle or glands) Interneurons: lie between motor and sensory: multipolar in CNS Understand the term "Effectors" in terms of efferent fibers (somatic and visceral) - correct answer Effectors: voluntary muscle contraction and glands secrete (motor) ANS: involuntary muscles: smooth and cardiac Understand the difference between a neuron/nerve/tract/nucleus/ganglion; know which of these are associated with white/ gray matter - correct answer Ganglion: in the PNS only, cell bodies of neurons White matter PNS: No neuron cell bodies. a lot of axon and neuroglia around each axon (ascend or decend to CNS) white from the myelin sheaths (axon travel to similar destinations form axon bundles called Tracts in CNS gray matter CNS: Dorsal half contains cells bodies of interneurons ventral half contain cells bodies of motor neurons Neuron Nerve fiber Nerve - correct answer Neuron (nerve cells): specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses Nerve fiber: is a long axon Nerve: cablelike organ, a lot of axon (nerve fiber) in PNS What is mylien? Node of ranvier? white matter? - correct answer Mylien- is a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer. Node Of ranvier: a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells. White matter PNS: No neuron cell bodies. a lot of axon and neuroglia around each axon (ascend or decend to CNS) white from the myelin sheaths (axon travel to similar destinations form axon bundles called Tracts what are the supporting cells of the CNS, what are their roles? Neuroglia "nerve glue" - correct answer CNS 4: -Astrocytes: star sharp, most abundant 1. regulating neurotransmitter levels by increasing rate of NT uptake 2. signaling increased blood flow through capillaries in active region on the brain 3. Controlling ionic environment around neurons -Microglial Cells: smallest and least abundant, elongated cell body and cell prepossess with with many pointed projections "like thorny bush" + they are macrophages +they do not originate in nervous tissue. from blood, during fetal development - Ependymal cells "wrapping garment" : embryo, epithelium lining of he central cavity, highly premeable layer Cerebrospinal fluid - has cilia that help circulate the CSF - Oligodendrocytes: "few brunch cells"= produced myelin sheaths what are the supporting cells PNS? - correct answer Satellite cells "moon sharp": surrounds neuron cell bodyies withing the ganglia Swhwann Cells: surround all axon in the PNS, and from myelin sheaths what are the wrapping around nerves? (perineurium) - correct answer Myelin Sheaths: CNS - oligodrocytes PNS: Swhwann cells lipoprotein myelin, insulating layer that prevent leakage of electrical current increase the spped of impulse Gaps: Nodes of ranvier what is meant by effector organ and give example? name effectors specific to the somatic and visceral branches of NS - correct answer Effector organs: response. -a muscle contracting to move the arm. a muscle squeezing saliva from the salivary gland somatic: voluntary muscles (skeletal muscles) Visceral: involuntary muscles (cardiac and smooth muscles, glands) ANS Afferent VS. Efferent fibers - correct answer Afferent fibers (Sensory) going toward the CNS Somatic: muscle, bone, skin Visceral: all hollow organ Efferent fibers (motor) Going away from the CNS Somatic: Voluntary, skeletal muscles Visceral: ANS - cardiac muscles/ smooth muscle/ glands Sympathetic: activity. parasympathetic: rest and digests what is a reflex arc (monosynaptic V.s polysynaptic) would it be ipsilateral or contralateral? - correct answer Monosynaptic: 1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. Integration 4. motor neuron 5. Efferent organ "muscle contraction of the quadriceps" -one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron Polysynptic has a inter neuron -one or more interneurons connect what is an interneuron? where would you find it? - correct answer interneuron acts as a middle man between neurons, allowing efferent neurons, afferent neurons and other inter neurons to communicate with one another. CNS: gray matter Be able to draw the pathway of stretch reflex and a withdrawal reflex. what is the basic design of the spinal cord and the brian (arrangement of white and gray matter) - correct answer 1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. Integration 4. motor neuron 5. Efferent organ "muscle contraction of the quadriceps"