PCCN Exam - review questions with correct answers,

PCCN Exam - review questions with correct
answers,20

What is the function of the cardiovascular system - verified answers; to drive O2 to the cell so
that the cell can make ATP for energy production



What is the formula for CARDIAC OUTPUT - verified answers; Stroke volume x Heart Rate



CO = HR X SV ( Preload + Afterload + Contractility)



What is the term for the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle each MINUTE? -
verified answers; Cardiac Output ( approximately 4 - 8 LPM )



What is the term for the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle each BEAT? -
verified answers; Stroke Volume



What is the term for the number of contractions / minute? - verified answers; Heart Rate



IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS TO KNOW - verified answers; 1. CO DECREASED -> HR INCREASES
( to maintain adequate stroke volume )



2. CO INCREASED -> HR DECREASES ( as stroke volume decreases )



3. HR DECREASED -> SV DECREASES and CO DECREASES



4. HR INCREASES ( > 150 ) -> SV DECREASES and CO DECREASES

,5. SV DECREASES -> CO DECREASES and HR INCREASES



6. SV INCREASES -> CO INCREASES and HR DECREASES



What is the term for the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle per minute adjusted for
body size - verified answers; Cardiac Index



What is a normal cardiac index? - verified answers; Normal = 2.5 to 4.4 L/min/m2

**Always utilize CI values on exam (especially for bigger patients)



What is a normal amount (mL/beat) for stroke volume? - verified answers; 60 to 100 mL



What is the term for the end-diastolic volume stretching the ventricle? - verified answers;
Preload



( increased fluid = increased stroke volume )



What is the term for the pressure that the ventricle must OVERCOME in order to eject blood
into the circulatory system? - verified answers; Afterload



What is the term for the inotropic state the cardiac muscle - verified answers; Contractility



(how well the heart is contracted)



Preload is the function of which part of the circulatory system? - verified answers; VEINS

, FUNCTION OF VEINS = PRELOAD



What is the RIGHT VENTRICLE PRELOAD assessed by? - verified answers; CVP (Central venous
pressure)



(Normal is approx. 2 - 8 mmhg)



What is a normal central venous pressure ? - verified answers; Approximately 2 - 8 mmhg



What is the LEFT VENTRICLE PRELOAD assessed by? - verified answers; PAOP (Pulmonary
artery occlusion pressure) / PAW pulmonary artery wedge pressure



-Swans ganns in placed wedge pressure (PA)



What are the signs and symptoms of an altered preload? - verified answers; 1. Dehydration
(decreased preload)

2. Fluid overload (increased preload)



What are some causes of a low preload? - verified answers; 1. Hemorrhage

2. Dehydration

3. Burns

4. Over-diuresis

5. Third spacing (fluid moving into spaces they shouldn't be)



What are some causes of high preload? - verified answers; 1. Hypervolemia

2. Heart failure

3. Renal failure