AP Biology Semester 2 Final Study
Guide Question and answers 100%
correct 2025
Hardy Weinberg - correct answer ✔Conditions for Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium:
1. No mutations
2. Random mating
3. No natural selection
4. Extremely large population size
5. No gene flow
Solute Potential - correct answer ✔-effect of solute concentration
-as solute is added water will tend to move into the solution
-as solute is removed water will tend to move out of the solution
Q10 - correct answer ✔the rate of change caused by increasing the
temperature 10 degrees Celsius
Punnett Squares - correct answer ✔
Chi-Squared - correct answer ✔-Null Hypothesis
-Table with phenotype, observed, ratio, expected, and [(E-O)^2]/E
-find chi-squared, degrees of freedom, and critical value at 0.05
-Accept or reject null hypothesis
,Gibbs Free Energy - correct answer ✔-the amount of available energy
-ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
-ΔG>0: spontaneous and exergonic
-ΔG<0: not spontaneous and endergonic
-ΔG=0: equilibrium
Cellular Respiration:
-ΔG: Negative, net loss of energy, -686 kcal/mol
-ΔH: Enthalpy decreases because bonds are broken
-T: constant, but if it increases then the spontaneous reaction is more likely to
happen
-ΔS: Entropy, more randomness, increases
Photosynthesis:
-ΔG: Positive, net gain of energy, 686 kcal/mol
-ΔH: Enthalpy increases because bonds are formed
-T: constant, G decreases if T increases
-ΔS: Entropy, disorder and randomness, decreases
Population Growth - correct answer ✔Exponential:
-population grows at a constant rate
Logistical:
-population grows at a slowing rate
Gross Primary Productivity - correct answer ✔-a measure of the total amount
of light energy that was captured and converted into chemical energy/organic
compounds during photosynthesis
, Net Primary Productivity - correct answer ✔-the net amount of energy
captured and stored by the producers
-also the amount of energy available to the next trophic level
-NPP=GPP-energy used
Biomass - correct answer ✔-organic compounds that were produced during
photosynthesis
% biomass = mass of dry plants / mass of wet plants x 100%
Biotic Factors - correct answer ✔-living factors that make up an ecosystem
-examples: animals, plants
Abiotic Factors - correct answer ✔-nonliving factors that make up an
ecosystem
-examples: rocks, water, air
Trophic Levels - correct answer ✔-eating levels
-free energy is lost at each trophic level (10% of energy is available to the next
trophic level; 1% of energy comes from sun)
-most ecosystems are limited to 3 or 4 trophic levels
-biomass pyramids reflect lower free energy availability at higher trophic levels
-Levels:
1: producers
2: primary consumers
3: secondary consumers
4: decomposers
Guide Question and answers 100%
correct 2025
Hardy Weinberg - correct answer ✔Conditions for Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium:
1. No mutations
2. Random mating
3. No natural selection
4. Extremely large population size
5. No gene flow
Solute Potential - correct answer ✔-effect of solute concentration
-as solute is added water will tend to move into the solution
-as solute is removed water will tend to move out of the solution
Q10 - correct answer ✔the rate of change caused by increasing the
temperature 10 degrees Celsius
Punnett Squares - correct answer ✔
Chi-Squared - correct answer ✔-Null Hypothesis
-Table with phenotype, observed, ratio, expected, and [(E-O)^2]/E
-find chi-squared, degrees of freedom, and critical value at 0.05
-Accept or reject null hypothesis
,Gibbs Free Energy - correct answer ✔-the amount of available energy
-ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
-ΔG>0: spontaneous and exergonic
-ΔG<0: not spontaneous and endergonic
-ΔG=0: equilibrium
Cellular Respiration:
-ΔG: Negative, net loss of energy, -686 kcal/mol
-ΔH: Enthalpy decreases because bonds are broken
-T: constant, but if it increases then the spontaneous reaction is more likely to
happen
-ΔS: Entropy, more randomness, increases
Photosynthesis:
-ΔG: Positive, net gain of energy, 686 kcal/mol
-ΔH: Enthalpy increases because bonds are formed
-T: constant, G decreases if T increases
-ΔS: Entropy, disorder and randomness, decreases
Population Growth - correct answer ✔Exponential:
-population grows at a constant rate
Logistical:
-population grows at a slowing rate
Gross Primary Productivity - correct answer ✔-a measure of the total amount
of light energy that was captured and converted into chemical energy/organic
compounds during photosynthesis
, Net Primary Productivity - correct answer ✔-the net amount of energy
captured and stored by the producers
-also the amount of energy available to the next trophic level
-NPP=GPP-energy used
Biomass - correct answer ✔-organic compounds that were produced during
photosynthesis
% biomass = mass of dry plants / mass of wet plants x 100%
Biotic Factors - correct answer ✔-living factors that make up an ecosystem
-examples: animals, plants
Abiotic Factors - correct answer ✔-nonliving factors that make up an
ecosystem
-examples: rocks, water, air
Trophic Levels - correct answer ✔-eating levels
-free energy is lost at each trophic level (10% of energy is available to the next
trophic level; 1% of energy comes from sun)
-most ecosystems are limited to 3 or 4 trophic levels
-biomass pyramids reflect lower free energy availability at higher trophic levels
-Levels:
1: producers
2: primary consumers
3: secondary consumers
4: decomposers
