SPA5012 Midterm Questions & Answers

SPA5012 Midterm Questions & Answers *Speech-Language Pathology (SLP) a discipline in which professionals specialize in communication sciences and disorders. *SLPs evaluate and treat communication disorders that are caused by 1. Cognitive 2. Language (receptive/expressive skills) 3. Pragmatic deficits 4. Articulation 5. Fluency (stuttering) 6. Voice deficiencies 7. Feeding/ swallowing issues *SLPs work settings -schools -hospitals -rehab centers -nursing facilities -private practice -clinics -universities -research scientist *School settings involve: 1. teachers 2. special education teachers 3. therapist (SLP, OT,PT) 4. psychologist *Clinic settings - hospitals, rehab centers, and nursing homes Include: 1. physicians 2. psychologist 3. nurses 4. therapist (SLP, OT, PT) 5. social workers 6. audiologist 7. dietician 8. family members *State guidelines for SLPs All states have different guidelines. - some states permit SLP-As to work. *Audiologist screen, evaluate, diagnose, and treat auditory disorders *American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA) 1. National professional association whose members and affiliates are speech-language pathologists, audiologist, speech-language hearing scientist, and support personnel. 2. Provides - CSD standards for professional certifications, CCC national certifications, and code of ethics for professionals in the CSD field. 3. Promotes - research to identify evidence-based practice, ethical and quality of services, and continuing education. *American Health Care Administration (AHCA) 1. Regulation agency for the state of Florida 2. Regulates - health care services rendered to assure that policies, laws and ethics are honored during service delivery, health care professionals are properly credentialed and qualifies to provide services, and each state has its own regulatory agency with its own distinct policies. *Department of Education (DOE) 1. Promotes excellence in education, and assures that all students, including individuals with disabilities have access to education. 2. Provides - resource information at the state and national level, state laws and regulations, publications, and technical assistant papers in order to ensure to improve student achievement. *American Academy of Audiology (AAA) 1. Largest international professional audiology organization 2. Promotes - continuing education for audiologist, research, and awareness of hearing and balance disorders to the community. *Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA) Accredits master's degree programs in speech-language pathology and clinical doctoral programs in audiology that are in compliance with several standards. *National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association (NSSLHA) National professional association for students who are interested in the field of communication sciences and disorders. Code of Ethics a. Hold paramount the welfare of those they serve. b. Achieve and maintain the highest level of professional competence and performance. c. Publicly advocate for unmet communication and swallowing needs and provide accurate information. d. Collaborate in disciplinary teams professionally and accept professional standards. *Cells basic unit of life *Cell Theory states that: a. All living things are comprised of cells. b. New cells develop from other cells. c. Cells are responsible for the structure and function of living things. In the Nervous System.... each cell is responsible for its own function. *Neurons • Nerve cells responsible for function of speech mechanism • They receive, process, and transmit from one part of the organism to another. *3 types of neurons 1. Afferent - sensory 2. Efferent - motor 3. Interneurons *Afferent Neurons (sensory) · long dendrites and short axon. · transmit info from sensory receptors to CNS. *Efferent Neurons (motor) • long axon and short dendrites. • transfer info from the CNS to muscles (higher-lower structures). *Interneurons • transmit info from one neuron to another. • located within the nervous system. *Synapse Structures of the Neuron: a. axon b. dendrites c. cells *Axon transmits info away from the cell's body (soma) *Dendrites transmit info received towards the soma. *Synapse an electrical impulse through which transmission occurs *Soma largest part of a neuron; cell body *Myelin Sheath encloses the axon *Node of Ranvier indentions in myelin sheath where the axon is exposed Neurology study of the nervous system which includes the CNS and PNS Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum) and spinal cord *Cerebrum responsible for balance and coordination of movements within body *Right and Left Hemispheres the two halves of the cerebrum and have four lobes *Four Lobes 1. frontal 2. parietal 3. occipital 4. temporal *Frontal Lobe responsible for: - planning/sequencing (motor skills) - higher-level cognition (reasoning, making judgment) - expressive language *Parietal Lobe responsible for processing info received through the senses *Occipital Lobe responsible for visual perception and processing *Temporal Lobe responsible for perception and processing of auditory stimuli and comprehension Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of: 1. sensory-somatic nervous system 2. autonomic nervous system *sensory-somatic nervous system consists of: 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves autonomic nervous system reflexes; a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands. Neuromuscular Execution a. Respiratory b. Phonatory c. Resonatory d. Articulatory e. Neurological (Nervous) *respiratory system source of energy for most speech sounds *rest breathing inspiration and expiration are equal *speech breathing inspiration is less than expiration Prevalence actual number of individuals with diagnosis Incidence rate of new (or newly diagnosed) cases within a period of time *Purpose of a Hearing Assessment to identify presence and extent of hearing loss *Hearing Loss impaired auditory sensitivity affecting auditory perception and processing, and speech intelligibility *3 aspects used to describe a hearing loss: 1. Type 2. Degree 3. Configuration *3 types of hearing loss 1. conductive 2. sensorineural 3. mixed *Conductive hearing loss • Etiology - fluid in middle ear (cold/allergies), ear infection, ruptured eardrum, excessive earwax, swimmer's ear, foreign body in ear canal, malformation, or poor PE tube function. • sound does not easily transmit from outer to middle ear. • sounds are perceive softer, therefore, difficult to hear. • Temporary (unless untreated) • Medically (removal of earwax/antibiotics) and surgically (PE tubes) treated. *Sensorineural Hearing Loss • Etiology - toxic medication, genetic/hereditary, aging, or neurological. • Damage to inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve (pathways from inner ear to brain). • May hear unclear/muffled or not hear at all. • Cannot medically or surgically be treated. • Most common type = permanent hear loss. *mixed hearing loss • Etiology - nongenetic factors, genetic factors, acquired hearing loss. • Combination of Conductive and Sensorineural loss *Degree of hearing loss 1. Mild (26-40) 2. Moderate (41-55) 3. Severe (71-90) *Nongenetic prenatal factors that affect hearing loss • Maternal infections (rubella, or herpes) • Toxins (drugs/alcohol) • Virus • Maternal diabetes • Lack of oxygen (anoxia) • Jaundice/Rh factor in the blood *Nongenetic postnatal factors that affect hearing loss • Prematurity • Low birth weight • Birth injuries • Inner ear malformation (Mondini's Malformation) • Outer/middle ear malformation (Atresia, stenosis)