UCF - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE
EXAM 2 WITH 100% CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
Nervous system has 3 parts: - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Motor, sensory and autonomic
ANS - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A ️ utomatic processes (breathing and blood pressure) and Innervation of
internal organs in abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity and smooth muscle of bloodless cells
Two parts of ANS - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔S️ ympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic system - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️This system is activated when the body is active and it
increases heart rate, increases contractility of myocardium, relaxes m. of bronchi, contracts blood
vessels, increases blood flow, increase blood pressure, stimulates sweat glands and inhibits digestive
system
Location of Sympathetic - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔S️ pinal cord from T1-L2/L3 (Thoracolumbar) and
occurs in: heart, lung, sweat glands and blood vessels
Parasympathetic system - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️This system is active when you are resting ("Rest
and digest") and it decreases heart rate, decreases respiratory system, increases digestive system,
increases secretion of gastric hormones
Location of Parasympathetic - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Brain stem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10), pelvic splanchnic
nerve and sacral portion of spinal cord (S2-S4)
Sympathetic system physiological steps - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️1. Pre-ganglionic
2. Sympathetic chain
3. Post-ganglionic
,4. Internal organ
Norepinephrine on Alpha 1 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: blood vessel, urinary
bladder, GI tract
1. Norepinephrine binds to Alpha 1 receptor
2. Activates a protein which normally exists in cytoplasm called g-protein. G protein itself has 3 subunits:
alpha, beta and gamma (only need alpha in this case) and alpha has 2 subunits: S (stimulator) and I
(inhibitor). Activates G protein alpha S
3. Activates phospholipase-C
4. After, it activated another enzyme IP3
5. Activates S4 (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
6. Releasing of Calcium into cytoplasm from SR
7. Concentration of Ca increases in cytoplasm then it binds to troponin-C (activates microfilaments and
causes muscle contraction) Contraction and constriction is purpose
Norepinephrine on Alpha 2 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: GI tract, fat cells, pre-
synaptic compartment, etc.
1. Norepinephrine binds to alpha-2 receptor
2. Activates G-protein Alpha I
3. Prevents AC (adenylate cyclase)
4. Decreases intracellular energy (CAMP)
5. Inhibition occurs; relaxation or dilation of smooth muscle
Excess norepinephrine binding to alpha can cause? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔H
️ ypertension
Norepinephrine on Beta 1 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: heart in SA node, AV node
and myocardium
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-1 receptor
2. Activated G-protein alpha S
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP (intracellular energy)
,5. Shows its physiological reaction: increases heart rate, contractility of myocardium and conduction
velocity (related to SA/AV nodes)
When patient has tachycardia due to exceess norepinephrine, you can use what to decrease heart rate?
- CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Beta-1 blocker (called propranolol)
Norepinephrine on Beta 2 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: urinary bladder sphincter
and respiratory system (smooth muscle of bronchi)
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-2 receptor
2. Activates G protein alpha s
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP
5. Effect: relaxes smooth muscle
Asthma patients use medications that affect what norepinephrine receptor? - CORRECT
ANSWERS.✔️✔️Beta-2 (albuterol)
Differences in sympathetic and parasympathetic - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️1. The pre-ganglionic fiber
of sympathetic system is shorter than parasympathetic
2. The pre-ganglionic fiber of parasympathetic travels toward the wall of internal organs and then has
synapse with post-ganglionic fibers inside wall but pre-ganglionic of sympathetic synapses with post-
ganglionic fiber inside the sympathetic chain/ganglia
3. The neurotransmitter of pre-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic is ACH and post-ganglionic fiber of
sympathetic is norepinephrine but parasympathetic neurotransmitters in both pre-ganglionic and post-
ganglionic is ACH
4. Name of receptor for norepinephrine is adrenergic receptor and receptor for ACH is cholinergic
receptor (cholinergic has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors)
Adrenergic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A
️ CH Sympathetic receptor with multiple types such as
alpha and beta
Muscarinic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A
️ n ACH parasympathetic receptor (ex: heart)
, Nicotinic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️An ACH parasympathetic receptor (ex: GI tract)
Cholinergic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A
️ CH parasympathetic receptor with two types
Medulla - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Respiratory, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, etc.
Pons - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Pneumotaxic center
Midbrain - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Urinary system
Hypothalmus - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔C ️ ontains many nuclei (hypothalamic nuclei) that contains
certain neurons that control many things such as: appetite, body temp, sleep, learning, memory, sexual
behavior, emotional behavior, sympathetic, parasympathetic, endocrine (most important) and brain
stem
Effects of ANS on heart - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic: Beta-1 positive chronotropic (heart
rate) and beta-1 positive Dromotropic (contractility of myocardium and conduction velocity)
o Parasympathetic: Decreases chronotropic and Dromotropic
Effects of ANS on lungs - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic: Constriction, decreases secretion and
dilation
o Parasympathetic: Constrictor, dilates vessels and increases secretion
Effects of ANS on GI tract - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic: Relaxes smooth muscle of GI
tract/decreases peristalsis, constricts sphincter of stomach or gallbladder, decreases gastric hormones
o Parasympathetic: Activates peristalsis, relaxes sphincters and increases gastric hormone secretion
Effects of ANS on liver - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic :Gluconeogenesis by B-receptor
o Parasympathetic: Glycogenesis
EXAM 2 WITH 100% CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
Nervous system has 3 parts: - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Motor, sensory and autonomic
ANS - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A ️ utomatic processes (breathing and blood pressure) and Innervation of
internal organs in abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity and smooth muscle of bloodless cells
Two parts of ANS - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔S️ ympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic system - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️This system is activated when the body is active and it
increases heart rate, increases contractility of myocardium, relaxes m. of bronchi, contracts blood
vessels, increases blood flow, increase blood pressure, stimulates sweat glands and inhibits digestive
system
Location of Sympathetic - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔S️ pinal cord from T1-L2/L3 (Thoracolumbar) and
occurs in: heart, lung, sweat glands and blood vessels
Parasympathetic system - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️This system is active when you are resting ("Rest
and digest") and it decreases heart rate, decreases respiratory system, increases digestive system,
increases secretion of gastric hormones
Location of Parasympathetic - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Brain stem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10), pelvic splanchnic
nerve and sacral portion of spinal cord (S2-S4)
Sympathetic system physiological steps - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️1. Pre-ganglionic
2. Sympathetic chain
3. Post-ganglionic
,4. Internal organ
Norepinephrine on Alpha 1 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: blood vessel, urinary
bladder, GI tract
1. Norepinephrine binds to Alpha 1 receptor
2. Activates a protein which normally exists in cytoplasm called g-protein. G protein itself has 3 subunits:
alpha, beta and gamma (only need alpha in this case) and alpha has 2 subunits: S (stimulator) and I
(inhibitor). Activates G protein alpha S
3. Activates phospholipase-C
4. After, it activated another enzyme IP3
5. Activates S4 (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
6. Releasing of Calcium into cytoplasm from SR
7. Concentration of Ca increases in cytoplasm then it binds to troponin-C (activates microfilaments and
causes muscle contraction) Contraction and constriction is purpose
Norepinephrine on Alpha 2 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: GI tract, fat cells, pre-
synaptic compartment, etc.
1. Norepinephrine binds to alpha-2 receptor
2. Activates G-protein Alpha I
3. Prevents AC (adenylate cyclase)
4. Decreases intracellular energy (CAMP)
5. Inhibition occurs; relaxation or dilation of smooth muscle
Excess norepinephrine binding to alpha can cause? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔H
️ ypertension
Norepinephrine on Beta 1 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: heart in SA node, AV node
and myocardium
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-1 receptor
2. Activated G-protein alpha S
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP (intracellular energy)
,5. Shows its physiological reaction: increases heart rate, contractility of myocardium and conduction
velocity (related to SA/AV nodes)
When patient has tachycardia due to exceess norepinephrine, you can use what to decrease heart rate?
- CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Beta-1 blocker (called propranolol)
Norepinephrine on Beta 2 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️*Location: urinary bladder sphincter
and respiratory system (smooth muscle of bronchi)
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-2 receptor
2. Activates G protein alpha s
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP
5. Effect: relaxes smooth muscle
Asthma patients use medications that affect what norepinephrine receptor? - CORRECT
ANSWERS.✔️✔️Beta-2 (albuterol)
Differences in sympathetic and parasympathetic - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️1. The pre-ganglionic fiber
of sympathetic system is shorter than parasympathetic
2. The pre-ganglionic fiber of parasympathetic travels toward the wall of internal organs and then has
synapse with post-ganglionic fibers inside wall but pre-ganglionic of sympathetic synapses with post-
ganglionic fiber inside the sympathetic chain/ganglia
3. The neurotransmitter of pre-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic is ACH and post-ganglionic fiber of
sympathetic is norepinephrine but parasympathetic neurotransmitters in both pre-ganglionic and post-
ganglionic is ACH
4. Name of receptor for norepinephrine is adrenergic receptor and receptor for ACH is cholinergic
receptor (cholinergic has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors)
Adrenergic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A
️ CH Sympathetic receptor with multiple types such as
alpha and beta
Muscarinic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A
️ n ACH parasympathetic receptor (ex: heart)
, Nicotinic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️An ACH parasympathetic receptor (ex: GI tract)
Cholinergic receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔A
️ CH parasympathetic receptor with two types
Medulla - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Respiratory, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, etc.
Pons - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Pneumotaxic center
Midbrain - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Urinary system
Hypothalmus - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔C ️ ontains many nuclei (hypothalamic nuclei) that contains
certain neurons that control many things such as: appetite, body temp, sleep, learning, memory, sexual
behavior, emotional behavior, sympathetic, parasympathetic, endocrine (most important) and brain
stem
Effects of ANS on heart - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic: Beta-1 positive chronotropic (heart
rate) and beta-1 positive Dromotropic (contractility of myocardium and conduction velocity)
o Parasympathetic: Decreases chronotropic and Dromotropic
Effects of ANS on lungs - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic: Constriction, decreases secretion and
dilation
o Parasympathetic: Constrictor, dilates vessels and increases secretion
Effects of ANS on GI tract - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic: Relaxes smooth muscle of GI
tract/decreases peristalsis, constricts sphincter of stomach or gallbladder, decreases gastric hormones
o Parasympathetic: Activates peristalsis, relaxes sphincters and increases gastric hormone secretion
Effects of ANS on liver - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️o Sympathetic :Gluconeogenesis by B-receptor
o Parasympathetic: Glycogenesis
