ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2 WITH 100% QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 2
WITH 100% QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS.

Functions of the Integumentary System - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️-Resistance to trauma and infection

-Prevents loss or gain of water

-Vitamin D synthesis

-Sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury

-Thermoregulation



How does skin resist trauma and infection? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔-️ Skin has low pH to reduce
bacteria and fungi

-Cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin



Name 3 ways the integumentary system thermoregulates? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️-Glands release
sweat for evaporative cooling

- Vasoconstriction

- Vasodilation



Define: Vasoconstriction - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️narrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss



Define: Vasodilation - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️widening of blood vessels, increases heat loss



What are the 2 main parts of the integumentary system? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Epidermis- outer
layer

Dermis- underlying connective tissue

*Hypodermis not really part of the skin!*

,What does the epidermis primarily consist of? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium



What are the epidermal derivatives? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️glands, hair, nails



What are the 4 main cell types in the epidermis? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔-️ Karatinocytes

- Melanocytes

- Tactile (Merkel) cells

- Dendritic (Langerhans) cells



Keratinocytes (functions) - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️most numerous cell type, make fibrous protein
keratin



Melanocytes (functions) - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️synthesize pigment called melanin



Tactile cells (functions and 2nd name) - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔a️ lso called Merkel cells, receptors for
the sense of touch, associated with a dermal nerve fiber



Dendritic cells (functions and 2nd name) - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️macrophages (big phagocytic cells)
that kill microbes



What are the layers of the epidermis (list from bottom up)? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️- Stratum basale

- Stratum spinosum

- Stratum granulosum

- Stratum lucidum

- Stratum corneum



What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Straum lucidum



How many layers are found in the stratum basale? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️1 layer

, What cells are found in the stratum basale? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️stem cells, keratinocytes,
melanocytes, tactile (merkel) cells



What is the importance of the stem cells in the stratum basale? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️makes it
mitotically active, the stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes



How many layers are in the stratum spinosum? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️8-10 layers



What is the appearance of the cells in the stratum spinosum, and why? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️The
cells are flattened, which happens as they are pushed upward



What is contained in the stratum spinosum? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️Keratinocytes, dendridic
(langerhans) cells



In which epidermis layers do keratinocytes produce waterproofing substances? - CORRECT
ANSWERS.✔️✔️Stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum



What are the waterproofing substances produced by the keratinocytes? - CORRECT
ANSWERS.✔️✔️keratin, lipids



How many layers are in the stratum granulosum? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️3-5 layers



In what layer do the nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate in the keratinocytes? - CORRECT
ANSWERS.✔️✔️stratum granulosum



What do the cells look like in the stratum granulosum and why? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔T️ hey
continue to flatten because of accumulation of keratin



How many layers are in the stratum lucidum, and what do they look like? - CORRECT ANSWERS.✔️✔️3-
4 layers of translucent cells