Geol 100 Exam 1 Complete Questions
And Answers | 100% Correct!!!
Describe the big bang and explain the evidence for the expanding universe CORRECT
ANSWERS 13. 8 billion years ago
All matter was condensed into one single point until the big bang caused a rapid,
massive expansion
The big bang involved a sudden expansion of matter, energy, and space from a single
point
Explain the observed abundance of elements in the universe CORRECT ANSWERS
Those collisions produced hydrogen and helium, the most common elements in the
universe, along with a small amount of lithium.
Identify processes forming elements as a function of atomic number (big-bang
nucelosynthesis, nuclear fusion in small and large stars, supernovae) CORRECT
ANSWERS The big bang produced hydrogen, helium, and lithium, but heavier elements
come from nuclear fusion reactions in stars. Large stars make elements such as silicon,
iron, and magnesium, which are important in forming terrestrial planets. Large stars
explode as supernovae and scatter the elements into space.
Describe the formation of the solar system CORRECT ANSWERS 4.6 billion years ago
They begin in a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula
1. Collapse a nebula
2. Make a disk and put a star at its centre
3. Build some planets
Explain the difference in composition between inner and outer planets CORRECT
ANSWERS Inner - Terrestrial planets are those planets like Earth, Mercury, Venus, and
Mars that have a core of metal surrounded by rock
Middle - Jovian planets (also called gas giants) are those planets like Jupiter and Saturn
that consist predominantly of hydrogen and helium
Outer - Ice giants are planets such as Uranus and Neptune that consist largely of water
ice, methane (CH4) ice, and ammonia (NH3) ice, and have rocky cores.
Describe the process of differentiation CORRECT ANSWERS The separation of silicate
minerals and metals into a rocky outer layer and a metallic core
Recall the giant impact theory of the formation of the moon CORRECT ANSWERS The
moon is the remains of a catastrophic collision between Earth and a Mars-sized object
Relate Earth's internal structure to differentiation and formation of the moon CORRECT
ANSWERS The moon is less dense than the Earth
The Earth's internal structure is like a chocolate caramel, onion and egg
, Distinguish between compositional and rheological layering of Earth CORRECT
ANSWERS Compositional (chemistry) - what materials make up the layers, forms when
early-crystallizing mineral sink toward the bottom of a magma chamber. This can only
happen in non-viscous magma, and mafic magma is typically much less viscous than
felsic magma.
rheological (material layers)- how the layers respond to stress
compositional (thickness, temperature, composition, material properties, density)
CORRECT ANSWERS - Crust (continental and oceanic)
- Mantle
- Core
rheological (thickness, temperature, composition, material properties, density)
CORRECT ANSWERS - outer silicate solid crust
- a highly viscous mantle
- a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle
- a solid inner core
Apply the definition of a mineral CORRECT ANSWERS a naturally occurring
combination of specific elements that are arranged in a particular repeating three-
dimensional structure or lattice.
Relate silicate mineral structure to silica/metal ratio CORRECT ANSWERS - Most
common crustal minerals
Isolated - 2 metal atoms for every silicon atom
Chain - One metal for every silicon atom
Sheet - Two silicon atoms for every metal atom
Framework - 3-D structure - NO Metal All silicon and oxygen
Connect mineral atomic composition to mineral properties CORRECT ANSWERS The
ratio of metal to silica controls - color, density, crystal structure and melting tempature
Define igneous rocks CORRECT ANSWERS Rocks formed by the cooling and
solidifying of molten materials
Explain how igneous rocks are classified. CORRECT ANSWERS They are classified
into four categories: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic, based on either their
chemistry or their mineral composition.
Relate grain size/texture to cooling speed CORRECT ANSWERS Basalt - Mafic and
"fine grained". Small mineral crystals.
Gabbro - Mafic and "coarse grained". Big mineral crystals.
The slower the cooling the larger the mineral
And Answers | 100% Correct!!!
Describe the big bang and explain the evidence for the expanding universe CORRECT
ANSWERS 13. 8 billion years ago
All matter was condensed into one single point until the big bang caused a rapid,
massive expansion
The big bang involved a sudden expansion of matter, energy, and space from a single
point
Explain the observed abundance of elements in the universe CORRECT ANSWERS
Those collisions produced hydrogen and helium, the most common elements in the
universe, along with a small amount of lithium.
Identify processes forming elements as a function of atomic number (big-bang
nucelosynthesis, nuclear fusion in small and large stars, supernovae) CORRECT
ANSWERS The big bang produced hydrogen, helium, and lithium, but heavier elements
come from nuclear fusion reactions in stars. Large stars make elements such as silicon,
iron, and magnesium, which are important in forming terrestrial planets. Large stars
explode as supernovae and scatter the elements into space.
Describe the formation of the solar system CORRECT ANSWERS 4.6 billion years ago
They begin in a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula
1. Collapse a nebula
2. Make a disk and put a star at its centre
3. Build some planets
Explain the difference in composition between inner and outer planets CORRECT
ANSWERS Inner - Terrestrial planets are those planets like Earth, Mercury, Venus, and
Mars that have a core of metal surrounded by rock
Middle - Jovian planets (also called gas giants) are those planets like Jupiter and Saturn
that consist predominantly of hydrogen and helium
Outer - Ice giants are planets such as Uranus and Neptune that consist largely of water
ice, methane (CH4) ice, and ammonia (NH3) ice, and have rocky cores.
Describe the process of differentiation CORRECT ANSWERS The separation of silicate
minerals and metals into a rocky outer layer and a metallic core
Recall the giant impact theory of the formation of the moon CORRECT ANSWERS The
moon is the remains of a catastrophic collision between Earth and a Mars-sized object
Relate Earth's internal structure to differentiation and formation of the moon CORRECT
ANSWERS The moon is less dense than the Earth
The Earth's internal structure is like a chocolate caramel, onion and egg
, Distinguish between compositional and rheological layering of Earth CORRECT
ANSWERS Compositional (chemistry) - what materials make up the layers, forms when
early-crystallizing mineral sink toward the bottom of a magma chamber. This can only
happen in non-viscous magma, and mafic magma is typically much less viscous than
felsic magma.
rheological (material layers)- how the layers respond to stress
compositional (thickness, temperature, composition, material properties, density)
CORRECT ANSWERS - Crust (continental and oceanic)
- Mantle
- Core
rheological (thickness, temperature, composition, material properties, density)
CORRECT ANSWERS - outer silicate solid crust
- a highly viscous mantle
- a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle
- a solid inner core
Apply the definition of a mineral CORRECT ANSWERS a naturally occurring
combination of specific elements that are arranged in a particular repeating three-
dimensional structure or lattice.
Relate silicate mineral structure to silica/metal ratio CORRECT ANSWERS - Most
common crustal minerals
Isolated - 2 metal atoms for every silicon atom
Chain - One metal for every silicon atom
Sheet - Two silicon atoms for every metal atom
Framework - 3-D structure - NO Metal All silicon and oxygen
Connect mineral atomic composition to mineral properties CORRECT ANSWERS The
ratio of metal to silica controls - color, density, crystal structure and melting tempature
Define igneous rocks CORRECT ANSWERS Rocks formed by the cooling and
solidifying of molten materials
Explain how igneous rocks are classified. CORRECT ANSWERS They are classified
into four categories: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic, based on either their
chemistry or their mineral composition.
Relate grain size/texture to cooling speed CORRECT ANSWERS Basalt - Mafic and
"fine grained". Small mineral crystals.
Gabbro - Mafic and "coarse grained". Big mineral crystals.
The slower the cooling the larger the mineral
