EXAM 1
WEEK 1
Cell Membrane
Semi-permeable: A barrier that allows some things to enter but not others.
Passive diffusion: only small and nonpolar molecules can generally pass through.
Ex: gases(O2, CO2), water(small but POLAR(can pass slowly)), large, non
polar(benzene). Can’t pass; needs a Large & Polar (glucose). Charged molecules can't
pass (ions, amino acids).
Phospholipids Component
1. Phosphate Head
2. Glycerol backbone
3. Fatty acid tails
Ampiphatic: molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
Bilayer: basic structure of a cell membrane. Composed of 2 layers.
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER): function in the translation of protein and synthesis of lipids.
Golgi apparatus: Modifies proteins by adding saccharides(sugars).
Hypotonic: solution with low concentration so water will fill the inside of the cell.
Hypertonic: solution with higher concentration so water will flow out.
Transmission electron microscopy:
FECA(first eukaryotic common ancestor):
WEEK 2- Exam keyword(vocab)
DNA
Nucleotide: Monomeric units that can be linked together to make up a polymer of RNA or DNA.
- 3 parts of a nucleotide: sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogenous base.
Sugar and Phosphate groups: two structures that alternate to form the DNA backbone.
● DNA strands are antiparallel(the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is
opposite to their direction in the other strand.)
The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are said to have a directionality of five prime ends (5′ ),
and three prime end (3′), with the 5′ end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3′ end a
terminal hydroxyl group.
*DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low G=C-content.
Chromatin: A mix of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in cells of organisms.
Histone & Nucleosome: Proteins that interact with the DNA and help to order and condense to
DNA for efficient storage.
Chromatin is less tightly packed so genes are more easily expressed.
Heterochromatin: DNA in tight association with histones; more condensed.
Euchromatin: DNA in loose association with histones; less condensed; more gene expression.
Ribozyme: RNA molecules that act as an enzyme, catalyzing RNA events, supporting
RNA world theory.
Gene expression: flow of information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, organelles or
outside of the cell. It's the process of using the information stored in DNA to synthesize
a product.
, Genome: complete genetic material of an organism
Non-coding RNAs:
Differential gene expression:
Transcription factors: proteins controlling the rate of transcription from DNA to RNA
- Activator bind to enhancer
- Repressor bind to silencer
- Coactivator bridge activators
- Basal transcription bind to promoters
DNA regulation regions
- Promoter
- Enhancer
- Silencer
Structural regions
- Exons & Introns: nucleotide sequence within a gene. Introns are removed by
splicing as RNA matures. Exons form covalent bonds to one another to create
mature RNA.
Pre-initiation complex
RNA polymerase: enzyme synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
Purines: double-ringed nitrogenous bases (adenine and guanine).
Pyrimidines: single-ringed nitrogenous bases (cytosine, thymine, uracil).
Helicase: initiate the process of transcription; enzyme required to allow RNA
polymerase access the single-stranded template strand.
Histones: core proteins organized in an octomer(H2A, H2B,H3,H4) structure.
Vesicles: membrane-bound involved in material transportation.
Questions(practice)
#If the gene for the BAR proteins contains a mutation that disrupts function, can
phagocytosis still occur at maximum efficiency? YES
WEEK 1
Cell Membrane
Semi-permeable: A barrier that allows some things to enter but not others.
Passive diffusion: only small and nonpolar molecules can generally pass through.
Ex: gases(O2, CO2), water(small but POLAR(can pass slowly)), large, non
polar(benzene). Can’t pass; needs a Large & Polar (glucose). Charged molecules can't
pass (ions, amino acids).
Phospholipids Component
1. Phosphate Head
2. Glycerol backbone
3. Fatty acid tails
Ampiphatic: molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
Bilayer: basic structure of a cell membrane. Composed of 2 layers.
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER): function in the translation of protein and synthesis of lipids.
Golgi apparatus: Modifies proteins by adding saccharides(sugars).
Hypotonic: solution with low concentration so water will fill the inside of the cell.
Hypertonic: solution with higher concentration so water will flow out.
Transmission electron microscopy:
FECA(first eukaryotic common ancestor):
WEEK 2- Exam keyword(vocab)
DNA
Nucleotide: Monomeric units that can be linked together to make up a polymer of RNA or DNA.
- 3 parts of a nucleotide: sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogenous base.
Sugar and Phosphate groups: two structures that alternate to form the DNA backbone.
● DNA strands are antiparallel(the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is
opposite to their direction in the other strand.)
The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are said to have a directionality of five prime ends (5′ ),
and three prime end (3′), with the 5′ end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3′ end a
terminal hydroxyl group.
*DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low G=C-content.
Chromatin: A mix of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in cells of organisms.
Histone & Nucleosome: Proteins that interact with the DNA and help to order and condense to
DNA for efficient storage.
Chromatin is less tightly packed so genes are more easily expressed.
Heterochromatin: DNA in tight association with histones; more condensed.
Euchromatin: DNA in loose association with histones; less condensed; more gene expression.
Ribozyme: RNA molecules that act as an enzyme, catalyzing RNA events, supporting
RNA world theory.
Gene expression: flow of information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, organelles or
outside of the cell. It's the process of using the information stored in DNA to synthesize
a product.
, Genome: complete genetic material of an organism
Non-coding RNAs:
Differential gene expression:
Transcription factors: proteins controlling the rate of transcription from DNA to RNA
- Activator bind to enhancer
- Repressor bind to silencer
- Coactivator bridge activators
- Basal transcription bind to promoters
DNA regulation regions
- Promoter
- Enhancer
- Silencer
Structural regions
- Exons & Introns: nucleotide sequence within a gene. Introns are removed by
splicing as RNA matures. Exons form covalent bonds to one another to create
mature RNA.
Pre-initiation complex
RNA polymerase: enzyme synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
Purines: double-ringed nitrogenous bases (adenine and guanine).
Pyrimidines: single-ringed nitrogenous bases (cytosine, thymine, uracil).
Helicase: initiate the process of transcription; enzyme required to allow RNA
polymerase access the single-stranded template strand.
Histones: core proteins organized in an octomer(H2A, H2B,H3,H4) structure.
Vesicles: membrane-bound involved in material transportation.
Questions(practice)
#If the gene for the BAR proteins contains a mutation that disrupts function, can
phagocytosis still occur at maximum efficiency? YES
