AGET 354 Exam 2 With Complete Solutions
General Types of Construction Surveys - ANSWER Pipeline stakeout
Building stakeout
Highway stakeout
Basic Method for Construction Surveys - ANSWER Placement of horizontal and vertical
control
Topographic survey
Staking out the design
Periodic checks on the design layout while under construction
Final as-built survey of the project
Horizontal and Vertical Control points should be - ANSWER Located conveniently for
use and clearly marked
Far enough from the actual construction to avoid possible destruction of the stakes
Suitable for securing the accuracy agreed on for the construction layout
Storm sewers - ANSWER Grade of at least 0.5%
Sanitary sewers - ANSWER Steeper grade than storm sewers
Staking out a Pipeline (without GPS) - ANSWER Use of batter boards or laser beams to
guide alignment and vertical placement of the pipe
Surveyor places offset stakes along pipeline trench
Staking out a Pipeline with use of a laser device - ANSWER The beam is oriented along
the pipe's planned horizontal alignment and grade, then the trench is opened
The laser is then used like the top of the batterboard with a measuring stick to check the
elevation of the invert
Staking out a Building - ANSWER Use of batter boards must be set far enough out of the
way of the building corners
A couple of benchmarks should be set outside the construction limits but within easy
sight distance
it is Important when Staking out a Building to - ANSWER Ensure vertical alignment,
especially on multi-story buildings
,Best to check vertical alignment with two set-ups from positions that are perpendicular
to each other
Also check in direct and reversed positions to cancel out errors from the instrument not
being in good adjustment
Staking out Highways, Canals, Railroads - ANSWER Staking will begin on the centerline
and placed at full stations (100-ft intervals) until an alignment change at a point of
intersection
After the initial centerline staking, PC's and PT's are located and staked as well as any
POT's
Points must be referenced so they can be found again once construction has started
Then the right of way is staked at every change in width, all changes in alignment, and
sufficient other points
When Staking out Highways, Canals, Railroads - ANSWER several benchmarks are
typically placed on the right of way so they are not destroyed and can be referenced
again
finally the construction limits are staked
Slope stakes - ANSWER Stake marking the cut/fill at that location
Slope intercepts - ANSWER Intersection of the original ground and the side slope
Grade stakes - ANSWER Set at points that have the same ground and grade elevation
Blue tops - ANSWER Stake set at the actual grade elevation at that location, then
painted blue on top
Errors in Construction Surveys - ANSWER Inadequate number/location of control points
Errors in establishing control
Observational errors in layout
Failure to double-center in laying out angles or extending lines and failure to check
vertical members by plunging the instrument
Careless referencing of key points
Movement of stakes and marks
Public lands - ANSWER Lands that are subject to the administration, survey, and
transfer of title to private owners under the public land laws of the United States since
1785
US Bureau of Land Management is responsible for - ANSWER surveying and managing
, these surveys
Part of Dept. of Interior
Formerly managed by Dept. of Treasury
How many states constitute the public land survey states? - ANSWER 30 states
Public Land Survey System (PLSS) - ANSWER Started in 1784
Territory immediately northwest of the Ohio River was first to be surveyed
Standard unit of measure for PLSS is - ANSWER chains
1 chain (ch) = - ANSWER 4 rods
80 ch = - ANSWER 1 mile
10 square chains (ch2) = - ANSWER 1 acre
1 chain is - ANSWER 66 feet long (100 links)
1 link = - ANSWER 0.66 feet = 7.92 inches
Lengths are recorded in - ANSWER chains and links or as a decimal
The Basic Rules of Survey (1973) - ANSWER Public lands shall be divided by north and
south lines run according to true meridian (Principal Meridian)
PLSS Township Corners will be - ANSWER marked and each mile marked differently
The township will be divided into sections, containing - ANSWER 640 acres (as close as
possible)
Sections will be numbered consecutively starting at the northeast section and
proceeding - ANSWER west and east alternately
Subdivisions in Public Surveys Division into quadrangles (tracts) approximately -
ANSWER 24 mi on a side
Division of quadrangles into townships (16), - ANSWER approximately 6 mi on a side
Division of townships into sections (36) - ANSWER approximately 1 mi square
subdivision of sections - ANSWER usually by local surveyors
General Types of Construction Surveys - ANSWER Pipeline stakeout
Building stakeout
Highway stakeout
Basic Method for Construction Surveys - ANSWER Placement of horizontal and vertical
control
Topographic survey
Staking out the design
Periodic checks on the design layout while under construction
Final as-built survey of the project
Horizontal and Vertical Control points should be - ANSWER Located conveniently for
use and clearly marked
Far enough from the actual construction to avoid possible destruction of the stakes
Suitable for securing the accuracy agreed on for the construction layout
Storm sewers - ANSWER Grade of at least 0.5%
Sanitary sewers - ANSWER Steeper grade than storm sewers
Staking out a Pipeline (without GPS) - ANSWER Use of batter boards or laser beams to
guide alignment and vertical placement of the pipe
Surveyor places offset stakes along pipeline trench
Staking out a Pipeline with use of a laser device - ANSWER The beam is oriented along
the pipe's planned horizontal alignment and grade, then the trench is opened
The laser is then used like the top of the batterboard with a measuring stick to check the
elevation of the invert
Staking out a Building - ANSWER Use of batter boards must be set far enough out of the
way of the building corners
A couple of benchmarks should be set outside the construction limits but within easy
sight distance
it is Important when Staking out a Building to - ANSWER Ensure vertical alignment,
especially on multi-story buildings
,Best to check vertical alignment with two set-ups from positions that are perpendicular
to each other
Also check in direct and reversed positions to cancel out errors from the instrument not
being in good adjustment
Staking out Highways, Canals, Railroads - ANSWER Staking will begin on the centerline
and placed at full stations (100-ft intervals) until an alignment change at a point of
intersection
After the initial centerline staking, PC's and PT's are located and staked as well as any
POT's
Points must be referenced so they can be found again once construction has started
Then the right of way is staked at every change in width, all changes in alignment, and
sufficient other points
When Staking out Highways, Canals, Railroads - ANSWER several benchmarks are
typically placed on the right of way so they are not destroyed and can be referenced
again
finally the construction limits are staked
Slope stakes - ANSWER Stake marking the cut/fill at that location
Slope intercepts - ANSWER Intersection of the original ground and the side slope
Grade stakes - ANSWER Set at points that have the same ground and grade elevation
Blue tops - ANSWER Stake set at the actual grade elevation at that location, then
painted blue on top
Errors in Construction Surveys - ANSWER Inadequate number/location of control points
Errors in establishing control
Observational errors in layout
Failure to double-center in laying out angles or extending lines and failure to check
vertical members by plunging the instrument
Careless referencing of key points
Movement of stakes and marks
Public lands - ANSWER Lands that are subject to the administration, survey, and
transfer of title to private owners under the public land laws of the United States since
1785
US Bureau of Land Management is responsible for - ANSWER surveying and managing
, these surveys
Part of Dept. of Interior
Formerly managed by Dept. of Treasury
How many states constitute the public land survey states? - ANSWER 30 states
Public Land Survey System (PLSS) - ANSWER Started in 1784
Territory immediately northwest of the Ohio River was first to be surveyed
Standard unit of measure for PLSS is - ANSWER chains
1 chain (ch) = - ANSWER 4 rods
80 ch = - ANSWER 1 mile
10 square chains (ch2) = - ANSWER 1 acre
1 chain is - ANSWER 66 feet long (100 links)
1 link = - ANSWER 0.66 feet = 7.92 inches
Lengths are recorded in - ANSWER chains and links or as a decimal
The Basic Rules of Survey (1973) - ANSWER Public lands shall be divided by north and
south lines run according to true meridian (Principal Meridian)
PLSS Township Corners will be - ANSWER marked and each mile marked differently
The township will be divided into sections, containing - ANSWER 640 acres (as close as
possible)
Sections will be numbered consecutively starting at the northeast section and
proceeding - ANSWER west and east alternately
Subdivisions in Public Surveys Division into quadrangles (tracts) approximately -
ANSWER 24 mi on a side
Division of quadrangles into townships (16), - ANSWER approximately 6 mi on a side
Division of townships into sections (36) - ANSWER approximately 1 mi square
subdivision of sections - ANSWER usually by local surveyors
