NURS 5315 ADV PATHO EXAM 3 SET 1 with Correct Solutions 2024/2025

NURS 5315 ADV PATHO EXAM 3 SET 1 with Correct Solutions 2024 Cardiac Blood Flow - Answer -o From body o Through: Vena cavas Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonic valve Pulmonary artery o To lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve o Back to body Cardiac Anatomy - Answer -The heart is the size of a closed fist 2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline1/3 under the sternum heart layers - Answer -Endocardium ( inner) myocardium ( middle) Pericardium ( outer) Cardiac action potential: phase 0 - Answer -rapid depolarization Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening Cardiac action potential: phase 1 - Answer -initial repolarization of cells voltage gated sodium channels closed voltage gated potassium channels open Potassium leaves cell slowly Cardiac action potential: phase 2 - Answer -plateau phase voltage gated calcium channels open influx of calcium into the cell balances potassium efflux calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum > myocardial contraction Cardiac action potential: phase 3 - Answer -Rapid Repolarization w/ potassium efflux voltage gated potassium channels open voltage gated calcium channels close Cardiac action potential: phase 4 - Answer -resting membrane potential, -85 mV High potassium permeability from the potassium channels Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials - Answer -Hypokalemia-increased atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree blocks Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and junctional rhythm Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials - Answer -Hypocalcemia-decreased contractility Hypercalcemia-increased contractility>ST and PJCs, vasoconstrictionMagnesium imbalance effect on the Cardiovascular system - Answer -Magnesium causes vasodilation Cardiac Output (CO) - Answer -Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (~5 L) HR x Stroke volume Stroke Volume (SV) - Answer -measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction depends on preload, endogenous inotropic agents, negative inotropic agents, myocardial oxygenation Ejection Fraction (EF) - Answer -percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility Stroke volume/end diastolic volume Normal = 55-65% EF decreases w/ systolic heart failure but no change with diastolic heart failure Cardiac Cycle: Diastole - Answer -Ventricles relaxed Blood entering