NUSCTX 10, MIDTERM 3 - UC
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Phytoestrogens - Answer-Mimic effect of estrogen
Induce cancer cell death
Slow the growth of cancer cells
Reduce blood cholesterol
May reduce risk of osteoporosis
Malnutrition - Too Much - Answer-Obesity
Toxicity
Competition with other nutrients
Malnutrition - Too little - Answer-Starvation
Deficiences
(i.e. iron, iodide, vitamin A)
Starvation - Energy - Answer-First energy store used:
Glycogen
Starvation - Effects - Answer-Decrease in insulin
Decrease in leptin
Decrease in thyroid hormones
Decrease in BMR (energy expenditure)
Metabolic Adaptions to Prolonged Fasting - Answer-Glycogen depletion, N losses
Fatty acid oxidation, ketosis
Brain adapts to use ketones
Endocrine Consequences of Starvation - Answer-Behavioral changes
Decreases:
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
Reproductive hormones
Marasmus - Answer-i) The onset is earlier, usually in the first year of life
ii) Growth failure is more pronounced
iii) There is no edema
iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced less markedly
v) Skin changes are seen less frequently
vi) Liver not infiltrated with fat
vii) Recovery is much longer
Kwashiorkor - Answer-i) Onset is later, after the breast-feeding is stopped
ii) Growth failure not very pronounced
iii) Edema is present
, iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced very much
v) Red boils and patches are classic symptoms
vi) Fatty liver is seen
vii) Recovery period is short
Kwashiorkor cont. - Answer-Frequently associated infections
Severe Vitamin A deficiency -> permanent blindness
Extreme protein deficiency
Disturbed water and electrolyte balance
Abnormal lipid transport: fatty infiltration of liver
Individual Nutrient Deficiencies - Answer-Iodine
Vitamin A
Iron
IND - Iodine - Answer-Developing world's most common cause of preventable brain
damage
IND - Vitamin A - Answer-Leading cause of blindness
IND - Iron - Answer-Anemia, impairs development, work capacity, learning capacity,
resistance to disease
Effects of Undernutrition During Pregnancy - Answer-Pregnant women's needs are
higher
Affects fetal development
Fetus may deplete maternal nutrient stores
Results in death of woman and/or child
Effects of Undernutrition During Fetal and Infancy Stages - Answer-Poor growth and
development
Pre-term delivery
Low birth weight
Premature death
Long-term health problems
Effects of Undernutrition During Childhood - Answer-Period of rapid growth rate,
especially the brain and CNS
Often lead to permanent brain impairment
Stunted growth, impaired motor skills
Low resistance to infection
Effects of Undernutrition During Later Years - Answer-Require nutrient dense foods
Many with fixed income
Many forced to choose between medication or food
Low resistance to infection
General Effects of Semistarvation - Initial Stages - Answer-No visible clinical signs
May affect reproductive capacity
Weakened immune system
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Phytoestrogens - Answer-Mimic effect of estrogen
Induce cancer cell death
Slow the growth of cancer cells
Reduce blood cholesterol
May reduce risk of osteoporosis
Malnutrition - Too Much - Answer-Obesity
Toxicity
Competition with other nutrients
Malnutrition - Too little - Answer-Starvation
Deficiences
(i.e. iron, iodide, vitamin A)
Starvation - Energy - Answer-First energy store used:
Glycogen
Starvation - Effects - Answer-Decrease in insulin
Decrease in leptin
Decrease in thyroid hormones
Decrease in BMR (energy expenditure)
Metabolic Adaptions to Prolonged Fasting - Answer-Glycogen depletion, N losses
Fatty acid oxidation, ketosis
Brain adapts to use ketones
Endocrine Consequences of Starvation - Answer-Behavioral changes
Decreases:
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
Reproductive hormones
Marasmus - Answer-i) The onset is earlier, usually in the first year of life
ii) Growth failure is more pronounced
iii) There is no edema
iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced less markedly
v) Skin changes are seen less frequently
vi) Liver not infiltrated with fat
vii) Recovery is much longer
Kwashiorkor - Answer-i) Onset is later, after the breast-feeding is stopped
ii) Growth failure not very pronounced
iii) Edema is present
, iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced very much
v) Red boils and patches are classic symptoms
vi) Fatty liver is seen
vii) Recovery period is short
Kwashiorkor cont. - Answer-Frequently associated infections
Severe Vitamin A deficiency -> permanent blindness
Extreme protein deficiency
Disturbed water and electrolyte balance
Abnormal lipid transport: fatty infiltration of liver
Individual Nutrient Deficiencies - Answer-Iodine
Vitamin A
Iron
IND - Iodine - Answer-Developing world's most common cause of preventable brain
damage
IND - Vitamin A - Answer-Leading cause of blindness
IND - Iron - Answer-Anemia, impairs development, work capacity, learning capacity,
resistance to disease
Effects of Undernutrition During Pregnancy - Answer-Pregnant women's needs are
higher
Affects fetal development
Fetus may deplete maternal nutrient stores
Results in death of woman and/or child
Effects of Undernutrition During Fetal and Infancy Stages - Answer-Poor growth and
development
Pre-term delivery
Low birth weight
Premature death
Long-term health problems
Effects of Undernutrition During Childhood - Answer-Period of rapid growth rate,
especially the brain and CNS
Often lead to permanent brain impairment
Stunted growth, impaired motor skills
Low resistance to infection
Effects of Undernutrition During Later Years - Answer-Require nutrient dense foods
Many with fixed income
Many forced to choose between medication or food
Low resistance to infection
General Effects of Semistarvation - Initial Stages - Answer-No visible clinical signs
May affect reproductive capacity
Weakened immune system
