Theories of Female Offending - Chapter 4 Test Questions with Correct Answers Already Passed
Freda Adler - Answers her works were inspired by the emancipation of women that resulted from the
effects of the second wave of feminism. Adler suggested that women's rates of violent crime would
increase.
Attachment - Answers the bond that people have with the values of society as a result of their
relationship with family, friends, and social institutions.
Belief - Answers a general acceptance of society's rules.
Commitment - Answers the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society.
Cycle of victimization & offending - Answers explains how young girls often run away from home in an
attempt to escape an abusive situation, usually ending up as offenders themselves.
Differential association theory - Answers focuses on the influence that one's social relationship may
have in encouraging delinquent behavior. This theory also incorporated various characteristics of the
social learning theory, suggesting that criminality is a learned behavior.
Emancipation/liberation theory - Answers lead to an increased participation of women in criminal
activities; however true these theories may be, they may not indicate that women are more compelled
to actually engage in crime.
Emotional abuse/battering - Answers one of the most damaging types of abuse. It robs the victim of self-
esteem. The perpetrator seeks to control the victim by derogatory name calling, limiting the victim from
being social, whether in the workplace, in school, or with family and friends; controlling all the finances,
and limiting access to info regarding money.
John Hagan - Answers developed the power control theory; his research focused on the roles within the
family unit; especially that of patriarchy.
Travis Hirschi - Answers proposed the social bond theory; his research focused primarily on delinquency
and the reasons why people may not become involved in criminal activity.
Involvement - Answers one's level of participation in conventional activities (studying, sports, or
extracurricular activities)
John Laub - Answers co-developed the life course theory. his research has focused primarily on the
following criminological and sociological topics; deviance, the life course, and juvenile delinquency and
justice
Life course theory - Answers examines how adverse life events impact criminality over time and can
provide insight on both female and male offending patterns.
Lombroso, Cesare, & William Ferrero - Answers the 1st criminologist to investigate the nature of the
female offender, they worked together to publish the Female Offender in 1985
, Masked criminality of women - Answers Otto Pollak's theory that suggest that women gain power by
deceiving men through sexual playacting, faked sexual responses, & menstruation.
Otto Pollak - Answers wrote The Criminality of Women in 1961 to further explain his belief that crime
data sources failed to reflect the true extent of female crime.
Power control theory - Answers looks at the effects of patriarchy within the family unit as a tool of
socialization for gender roles.
Robert Sampson - Answers co-developed the life course theory with Laub. his research has focused
primarily on the following criminological and sociological topics; deviance, the life course, and juvenile
delinquency and justice
Rita Simon - Answers hypothesized that women would make up a greater portion of property crimes as
a result of their "liberation" from traditional gender roles and restrictions.
Social bond theory - Answers focused on 4 criteria, or bonds, which prevent people from acting on
potential criminological impulses or desires. Travis Hirshi identified these bonds as attachment,
commitment, involvement, and belief.
Edwin Sutherland - Answers proposed the differential association theory. his research focused on one's
social relationships and their influence on delinquent behavior
White-collar crime - Answers a series of non-violent crimes such as forgery/counterfeiting,
embezzlement, and fraud; these crimes are committed by both men & women.
Theoretical Perspectives on Female Criminality - Answers ~Theories explain why offenders engage in
crime
*Macro
-Large-scale social explanations
*Micro
-Individual differences
*Gender Roles
Historical Theories on Female Criminality - Answers ~Lombroso and Ferrero
*The Female Offender (1895)
-Atavism
-Female offenders are more like males
-Criticized for being unscientific
Freda Adler - Answers her works were inspired by the emancipation of women that resulted from the
effects of the second wave of feminism. Adler suggested that women's rates of violent crime would
increase.
Attachment - Answers the bond that people have with the values of society as a result of their
relationship with family, friends, and social institutions.
Belief - Answers a general acceptance of society's rules.
Commitment - Answers the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society.
Cycle of victimization & offending - Answers explains how young girls often run away from home in an
attempt to escape an abusive situation, usually ending up as offenders themselves.
Differential association theory - Answers focuses on the influence that one's social relationship may
have in encouraging delinquent behavior. This theory also incorporated various characteristics of the
social learning theory, suggesting that criminality is a learned behavior.
Emancipation/liberation theory - Answers lead to an increased participation of women in criminal
activities; however true these theories may be, they may not indicate that women are more compelled
to actually engage in crime.
Emotional abuse/battering - Answers one of the most damaging types of abuse. It robs the victim of self-
esteem. The perpetrator seeks to control the victim by derogatory name calling, limiting the victim from
being social, whether in the workplace, in school, or with family and friends; controlling all the finances,
and limiting access to info regarding money.
John Hagan - Answers developed the power control theory; his research focused on the roles within the
family unit; especially that of patriarchy.
Travis Hirschi - Answers proposed the social bond theory; his research focused primarily on delinquency
and the reasons why people may not become involved in criminal activity.
Involvement - Answers one's level of participation in conventional activities (studying, sports, or
extracurricular activities)
John Laub - Answers co-developed the life course theory. his research has focused primarily on the
following criminological and sociological topics; deviance, the life course, and juvenile delinquency and
justice
Life course theory - Answers examines how adverse life events impact criminality over time and can
provide insight on both female and male offending patterns.
Lombroso, Cesare, & William Ferrero - Answers the 1st criminologist to investigate the nature of the
female offender, they worked together to publish the Female Offender in 1985
, Masked criminality of women - Answers Otto Pollak's theory that suggest that women gain power by
deceiving men through sexual playacting, faked sexual responses, & menstruation.
Otto Pollak - Answers wrote The Criminality of Women in 1961 to further explain his belief that crime
data sources failed to reflect the true extent of female crime.
Power control theory - Answers looks at the effects of patriarchy within the family unit as a tool of
socialization for gender roles.
Robert Sampson - Answers co-developed the life course theory with Laub. his research has focused
primarily on the following criminological and sociological topics; deviance, the life course, and juvenile
delinquency and justice
Rita Simon - Answers hypothesized that women would make up a greater portion of property crimes as
a result of their "liberation" from traditional gender roles and restrictions.
Social bond theory - Answers focused on 4 criteria, or bonds, which prevent people from acting on
potential criminological impulses or desires. Travis Hirshi identified these bonds as attachment,
commitment, involvement, and belief.
Edwin Sutherland - Answers proposed the differential association theory. his research focused on one's
social relationships and their influence on delinquent behavior
White-collar crime - Answers a series of non-violent crimes such as forgery/counterfeiting,
embezzlement, and fraud; these crimes are committed by both men & women.
Theoretical Perspectives on Female Criminality - Answers ~Theories explain why offenders engage in
crime
*Macro
-Large-scale social explanations
*Micro
-Individual differences
*Gender Roles
Historical Theories on Female Criminality - Answers ~Lombroso and Ferrero
*The Female Offender (1895)
-Atavism
-Female offenders are more like males
-Criticized for being unscientific
