Pathophysiology Final Exam Outline- REVISED 9/2/2021
Chapter 1
ATP – what is it? What are the 2 processes in which it is formed? Lactic acid?
o Aerobic and Anerobic
o Lactic Acid = anerobic is 02
o Anerobic = doesn’t have oxygen
Chapter 2 – Cell Injury and Adaptation
Cellular adaptations – 5 types and what each means
o Atrophy – smaller and weaker muscle (cast, bedrest -increased risk of falls), lead to
osteoporosis, weight bearing exercise good for bone strength, walking, avoid long
term steroid use
o Hypertrophy – increase in size of cell, increased metabolic demand
o Hyperplasia – increase in number of cells, related to Growth Factor
o Metaplasia – changing in appearance/replacement of cells
o Neoplasia – new growth, uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant tumors)
o Dysplasia – abnormal change in size, shape, or organization
Cellular injury – hypoxia (pg. 15)
o Most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia
o Others are anemia, low concentration of O2, inadequate O2 diffusion at the alveoli
(pneumonia) suffocation, airway obstruction
Injury accumulations – water
Crushing cells releases K which increases K in the blood
Gangrene pg. 20-21
Chapter 3 – Genetics
Autosomal dominant vs Autosomal recessive vs X linked diseases
o Dominant – only one parent must carry
o Recessive – both parents must carry
o Pg. 31 punnett square
o X-Linked = father decides sex of child (XY chromosome) if father has daughter, and
the X has a disorder the daughter will have it
Down Syndrome (pg.44)
o Trisomy 21
o Low nasal bridge
o Poor muscle tone
o Epicanthal folds
o Lower IQ
o Congenital heart disease
, o Higher risk of leukemia
o Childbearing after 35 is a major risk factor
o Esophageal and intestinal malformations
o Weak immune system, susceptible to infections
Turner Syndrome (pg. 43-44)
o Affects females, only have 1 X chromosome
o Web neck
o Short stature
o Infertility, undeveloped ovaries
o Underdeveloped left side of heart, HTN
o Underdeveloped breast and wide nipples
o Small hips and broad shield-shaped chest
Klinefelter Syndrome- MANIFESTATIONS (pg.43)
o Affects men, has 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome
o Decrease muscle mass strength
o Long limbs
o Small testes
o Develop female like breasts
o Higher risk for autoimmune
o Sparse facial hair and body hair
Huntington’s- MANIFESTATIONS (pg.45)
o Adult onset autosomal-dominant inherited disorder, degeneration of specific
neurons in nasal ganglia and cortex
o Severe uncontrollable jerky movements or ballism
o Dance-like movements or tics or chorea
o Parkinsonian features (disease progress of chorea) slowed movements, muscle
rigidity, and postural instability
o Advanced – develop akinetic-rigid syndrome without movement at all
o Spasticity
o Dysarthria – inability to speak
o Dysphagia
o Slowed cognition to dementia occurs gradually
o Severe depression, mental decline, and suicidal ideation
Genotype – genetic makeup
Phenotype – what you look like
Karyotype – picture of all your genes (chromosomes) pg.27
Marfan’s Syndrome (pg. 39)
o Inherited connective tissue disorder transmitted as autosomal-dominant trait
o Mitral, tricuspid, and aortic heart valves are commonly affected
, o Aortic dissection and dilation are the major case of morbidity and mortality
o Average age at death is 30-40 years
o Tall stature w/ elongated arms and fingers
o Ligament hypermobility of hips, knees, ankles, arches, wrists, and fingers
o Dysrhythmia
o Paresthesia or paralysis in the extremities
o Syncope
o Pallor
o Shock
o Heart murmur from aortic regurgitation or mitral prolapse
Cystic Fibrosis (pg. 41)
o Most common lethal inherited disease of European ancestry
o Autosomal recessive disease caused by defects in CF transmembrane conductance
regulator
o Don’t thrive as infants
o Involves multi organ systems but mainly respiratory system and pancreas
o Pulmonary rhonchi, wheezes, excess mucus in sputum
o Sinusitis
o Nasal polyps
o Abdominal pain caused by pancreatitis and cholecystitis
o Cirrhosis of liver
o Rectal prolapse
Chapter 5 – Obesity
Obesity – ETIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, MANIFESTATIONS, COMPLICATIONS- CO MORBIDITIES
(pg. 73)
o Etiology = Energy intake exceeds energy output which makes the body become fat
o Risk factors = Age, gender(female), race, socioeconomic status (poverty), smoking
cessation, sedentary behavior, genetic susceptibility, disorders that cause obesity as
a secondary effect
o CM- excess amount of body weight approx. 20%, apple-shaped accumulate fat in
abdomen (higher risk of health problems), pear-shaped accumulates fat in the hips
and buttocks, organs are covered in visceral fat, and heart and arteries collect fat
both interior and outer walls of an autopsy
o Choosemyplate.gov
Anorexia Nervosa – person who refuses to maintain body weight within minimal normal
standards
o Personality traits = perfection, academic success, denial of hunger in face of
starvation
Chapter 1
ATP – what is it? What are the 2 processes in which it is formed? Lactic acid?
o Aerobic and Anerobic
o Lactic Acid = anerobic is 02
o Anerobic = doesn’t have oxygen
Chapter 2 – Cell Injury and Adaptation
Cellular adaptations – 5 types and what each means
o Atrophy – smaller and weaker muscle (cast, bedrest -increased risk of falls), lead to
osteoporosis, weight bearing exercise good for bone strength, walking, avoid long
term steroid use
o Hypertrophy – increase in size of cell, increased metabolic demand
o Hyperplasia – increase in number of cells, related to Growth Factor
o Metaplasia – changing in appearance/replacement of cells
o Neoplasia – new growth, uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant tumors)
o Dysplasia – abnormal change in size, shape, or organization
Cellular injury – hypoxia (pg. 15)
o Most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia
o Others are anemia, low concentration of O2, inadequate O2 diffusion at the alveoli
(pneumonia) suffocation, airway obstruction
Injury accumulations – water
Crushing cells releases K which increases K in the blood
Gangrene pg. 20-21
Chapter 3 – Genetics
Autosomal dominant vs Autosomal recessive vs X linked diseases
o Dominant – only one parent must carry
o Recessive – both parents must carry
o Pg. 31 punnett square
o X-Linked = father decides sex of child (XY chromosome) if father has daughter, and
the X has a disorder the daughter will have it
Down Syndrome (pg.44)
o Trisomy 21
o Low nasal bridge
o Poor muscle tone
o Epicanthal folds
o Lower IQ
o Congenital heart disease
, o Higher risk of leukemia
o Childbearing after 35 is a major risk factor
o Esophageal and intestinal malformations
o Weak immune system, susceptible to infections
Turner Syndrome (pg. 43-44)
o Affects females, only have 1 X chromosome
o Web neck
o Short stature
o Infertility, undeveloped ovaries
o Underdeveloped left side of heart, HTN
o Underdeveloped breast and wide nipples
o Small hips and broad shield-shaped chest
Klinefelter Syndrome- MANIFESTATIONS (pg.43)
o Affects men, has 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome
o Decrease muscle mass strength
o Long limbs
o Small testes
o Develop female like breasts
o Higher risk for autoimmune
o Sparse facial hair and body hair
Huntington’s- MANIFESTATIONS (pg.45)
o Adult onset autosomal-dominant inherited disorder, degeneration of specific
neurons in nasal ganglia and cortex
o Severe uncontrollable jerky movements or ballism
o Dance-like movements or tics or chorea
o Parkinsonian features (disease progress of chorea) slowed movements, muscle
rigidity, and postural instability
o Advanced – develop akinetic-rigid syndrome without movement at all
o Spasticity
o Dysarthria – inability to speak
o Dysphagia
o Slowed cognition to dementia occurs gradually
o Severe depression, mental decline, and suicidal ideation
Genotype – genetic makeup
Phenotype – what you look like
Karyotype – picture of all your genes (chromosomes) pg.27
Marfan’s Syndrome (pg. 39)
o Inherited connective tissue disorder transmitted as autosomal-dominant trait
o Mitral, tricuspid, and aortic heart valves are commonly affected
, o Aortic dissection and dilation are the major case of morbidity and mortality
o Average age at death is 30-40 years
o Tall stature w/ elongated arms and fingers
o Ligament hypermobility of hips, knees, ankles, arches, wrists, and fingers
o Dysrhythmia
o Paresthesia or paralysis in the extremities
o Syncope
o Pallor
o Shock
o Heart murmur from aortic regurgitation or mitral prolapse
Cystic Fibrosis (pg. 41)
o Most common lethal inherited disease of European ancestry
o Autosomal recessive disease caused by defects in CF transmembrane conductance
regulator
o Don’t thrive as infants
o Involves multi organ systems but mainly respiratory system and pancreas
o Pulmonary rhonchi, wheezes, excess mucus in sputum
o Sinusitis
o Nasal polyps
o Abdominal pain caused by pancreatitis and cholecystitis
o Cirrhosis of liver
o Rectal prolapse
Chapter 5 – Obesity
Obesity – ETIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, MANIFESTATIONS, COMPLICATIONS- CO MORBIDITIES
(pg. 73)
o Etiology = Energy intake exceeds energy output which makes the body become fat
o Risk factors = Age, gender(female), race, socioeconomic status (poverty), smoking
cessation, sedentary behavior, genetic susceptibility, disorders that cause obesity as
a secondary effect
o CM- excess amount of body weight approx. 20%, apple-shaped accumulate fat in
abdomen (higher risk of health problems), pear-shaped accumulates fat in the hips
and buttocks, organs are covered in visceral fat, and heart and arteries collect fat
both interior and outer walls of an autopsy
o Choosemyplate.gov
Anorexia Nervosa – person who refuses to maintain body weight within minimal normal
standards
o Personality traits = perfection, academic success, denial of hunger in face of
starvation
