NURS 663 EXAM 2 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE|
ALREADY GRADED A+
Lewy Body Dementia Individuals lose their memory and have difficulty learning new
information
- Protein deposits inside neurons
- Worsens over time
AD Clinical Features Memory deficit
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Clinical Features Memory deficit
Fluctuating attention
EPS
Psychosis (hallucinations)
Frontotemporal dementia
Clinical Features Memory deficit
Speech/language disorders
Disinhibition
Hyperorality
Frontotemporal Dementia - Group of diseases characterized by the degeneration of nerve
cells in the F-T areas of the brain
,- - FT areas of the brain are generally associated with personality, behavior, and language
- - Portions of these lobes atrophy
- Begins earlier and progresses faster than AD
- Occurs at ages younger than AD (40 to 70 years)
- One form of this condition is Pick's disease
- - Affects parts of the brain that contain fibrous tangles made up of an abnormal protein called
tau protein
Huntington's disease
Clinical Features Memory deficit
Executive dysfunction
Chorea
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Characteristics Memory deficit
Ataxia
Myoclonus
Language disturbances
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) - A degenerative brain disorder that leads to dementia and,
ultimately, death (rapid progression)
- Variant CJD is linked primarily to eating beef infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy
("mad cow disease")
- The "classic" CJD has not been linked to contaminated beef
1 in 1 million people are diagnosed with CJD per year (usually older adults)
CJD Causes Abnormal versions of a protein called a prion
,CJD
Transmission - Risk of CJD is low
- Cannot be transmitted through coughing, sneezing, touching or sexual contact
CJD
Develops - Spontaneously (majority of cases)
- Genetic mutation (family history)
- Contamination (very low number of exposures to infection human tissue during a medical
procedure)
Mixed Dementia Multifactorial
AD and another type of dementia can exist at the same time
Nearly half of the cases when AD is present
Cholinesterase Inhibitors donepezil (Aricept)
- Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
- Treats mild to severe
galantamine (Razadyne)
- Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
- Treats mild to moderate
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
- Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor
- Treats mild to moderate
, Cholinesterase inhibitors and Other Dementias - Lewy Body Dementia: May respond even
more than AD patients
- Frontal Lobe Dementia: Often respond adversely with increased agitation and insomnia
donepezil (Aricept) Cholinesterase inhibitor
Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
Mild to severe cognitive impairment (all 3 stages of AD)
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that degrades acetylcholine after release from the
presynapse
donepezil binds reversibly to acetylcholinesterase and inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine,
thus increasing availability of acetylcholine at the synapse, enhancing cholinergic transmission
Galantamine (Razadyne) Cholinesterase inhibitor
Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
Mild to moderate memory impairment
Rivastigmine (Exelon) Cholinesterase inhibitor
Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor
Mild to moderate memory impairment
Take with food (oral)
ALREADY GRADED A+
Lewy Body Dementia Individuals lose their memory and have difficulty learning new
information
- Protein deposits inside neurons
- Worsens over time
AD Clinical Features Memory deficit
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Clinical Features Memory deficit
Fluctuating attention
EPS
Psychosis (hallucinations)
Frontotemporal dementia
Clinical Features Memory deficit
Speech/language disorders
Disinhibition
Hyperorality
Frontotemporal Dementia - Group of diseases characterized by the degeneration of nerve
cells in the F-T areas of the brain
,- - FT areas of the brain are generally associated with personality, behavior, and language
- - Portions of these lobes atrophy
- Begins earlier and progresses faster than AD
- Occurs at ages younger than AD (40 to 70 years)
- One form of this condition is Pick's disease
- - Affects parts of the brain that contain fibrous tangles made up of an abnormal protein called
tau protein
Huntington's disease
Clinical Features Memory deficit
Executive dysfunction
Chorea
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Characteristics Memory deficit
Ataxia
Myoclonus
Language disturbances
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) - A degenerative brain disorder that leads to dementia and,
ultimately, death (rapid progression)
- Variant CJD is linked primarily to eating beef infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy
("mad cow disease")
- The "classic" CJD has not been linked to contaminated beef
1 in 1 million people are diagnosed with CJD per year (usually older adults)
CJD Causes Abnormal versions of a protein called a prion
,CJD
Transmission - Risk of CJD is low
- Cannot be transmitted through coughing, sneezing, touching or sexual contact
CJD
Develops - Spontaneously (majority of cases)
- Genetic mutation (family history)
- Contamination (very low number of exposures to infection human tissue during a medical
procedure)
Mixed Dementia Multifactorial
AD and another type of dementia can exist at the same time
Nearly half of the cases when AD is present
Cholinesterase Inhibitors donepezil (Aricept)
- Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
- Treats mild to severe
galantamine (Razadyne)
- Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
- Treats mild to moderate
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
- Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor
- Treats mild to moderate
, Cholinesterase inhibitors and Other Dementias - Lewy Body Dementia: May respond even
more than AD patients
- Frontal Lobe Dementia: Often respond adversely with increased agitation and insomnia
donepezil (Aricept) Cholinesterase inhibitor
Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
Mild to severe cognitive impairment (all 3 stages of AD)
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that degrades acetylcholine after release from the
presynapse
donepezil binds reversibly to acetylcholinesterase and inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine,
thus increasing availability of acetylcholine at the synapse, enhancing cholinergic transmission
Galantamine (Razadyne) Cholinesterase inhibitor
Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptor
Mild to moderate memory impairment
Rivastigmine (Exelon) Cholinesterase inhibitor
Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor
Mild to moderate memory impairment
Take with food (oral)
