NUR 2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 Review Questions with Answers 2025
Cryptorchidism Complications - correct answers-Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in
spermatogenesis, infertility.
Amenorrhea - correct answers-Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea Causes - correct answers-Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors)
Complications of Dialysis - correct answers-Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression
Prostatitis - correct answers-Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli.
Prostatitis S/S - correct answers-Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis
Renal Calculus Cause - correct answers-Urine becomes supersaturated with specific
solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or
has higher than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium,
uric acid).
Renal Calculus S/S - correct answers-Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort
accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and
tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as
the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - correct answers-Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention
.Aldosterone - correct answers-"salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the
retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which
promotes a higher blood volume and pressur
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - correct answers-Promotes retention of water by kidneys
and increases blood pressure.
Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - correct answers-Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
, Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity
Chronic Renal Failure Causes - correct answers-The outcome of the progressive and
irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be
lost before clinical manifestations appear.
.Cystitis Causes - correct answers-Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from
bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones);
or trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection.
Cystitis Pathogenesis - correct answers-E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium,
colonizes, and invades host cells.
Cystitis S/S - correct answers-Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may
be present in the suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or
cloudy as a result of the infectious organism.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - correct answers-Highly communicable STI that infects
epithelial cells and proliferates into pruritic, painful lesions. Leading cause of cervical
cancer.
Oral Cancer - correct answers-Presents at the base of the mouth or border of the
tongue.
Hiatal Hernia - correct answers-Defect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach
to pass through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax.
Causes of Hiatal Hernia - correct answers-Aging
Chronic straining
Coughing
Obesity
Pregnancy
Ascites (accumulation of protein-containing fluid within the abdomen)
Gastritis - correct answers-Inflammation of the stomach lining
S/S of Gastritis - correct answers-Postprandial discomfort
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
Peptic Ulcer Disease - correct answers-A break or ulceration in the protective mucosa
lining of the lower esophagus (LES), stomach, or duodenum.
Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease - correct answers-H. pylori
NSAIDs
S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease - correct answers-Burning pain on empty stomach
Eating relieves pain
Life-threatening complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no warning.
Metrorrhagia - correct answers-Bleeding between menstrual periods
Metrorrhagia Causes - correct answers-Bleeding from endometrium during ovulation
Uterine malignancy
Cervical erosions
Exam 2 Review Questions with Answers 2025
Cryptorchidism Complications - correct answers-Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in
spermatogenesis, infertility.
Amenorrhea - correct answers-Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea Causes - correct answers-Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors)
Complications of Dialysis - correct answers-Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression
Prostatitis - correct answers-Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli.
Prostatitis S/S - correct answers-Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis
Renal Calculus Cause - correct answers-Urine becomes supersaturated with specific
solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or
has higher than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium,
uric acid).
Renal Calculus S/S - correct answers-Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort
accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and
tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as
the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - correct answers-Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention
.Aldosterone - correct answers-"salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the
retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which
promotes a higher blood volume and pressur
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - correct answers-Promotes retention of water by kidneys
and increases blood pressure.
Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - correct answers-Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
, Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity
Chronic Renal Failure Causes - correct answers-The outcome of the progressive and
irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be
lost before clinical manifestations appear.
.Cystitis Causes - correct answers-Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from
bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones);
or trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection.
Cystitis Pathogenesis - correct answers-E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium,
colonizes, and invades host cells.
Cystitis S/S - correct answers-Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may
be present in the suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or
cloudy as a result of the infectious organism.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - correct answers-Highly communicable STI that infects
epithelial cells and proliferates into pruritic, painful lesions. Leading cause of cervical
cancer.
Oral Cancer - correct answers-Presents at the base of the mouth or border of the
tongue.
Hiatal Hernia - correct answers-Defect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach
to pass through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax.
Causes of Hiatal Hernia - correct answers-Aging
Chronic straining
Coughing
Obesity
Pregnancy
Ascites (accumulation of protein-containing fluid within the abdomen)
Gastritis - correct answers-Inflammation of the stomach lining
S/S of Gastritis - correct answers-Postprandial discomfort
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
Peptic Ulcer Disease - correct answers-A break or ulceration in the protective mucosa
lining of the lower esophagus (LES), stomach, or duodenum.
Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease - correct answers-H. pylori
NSAIDs
S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease - correct answers-Burning pain on empty stomach
Eating relieves pain
Life-threatening complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no warning.
Metrorrhagia - correct answers-Bleeding between menstrual periods
Metrorrhagia Causes - correct answers-Bleeding from endometrium during ovulation
Uterine malignancy
Cervical erosions
