URI MAF100 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Define Epistemology - Answers :study of knowledge.
How do we know a thing? What reference frames do we use to examine it? A theory of
knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope.
What is the scientific method? - Answers :A type of epistemology. Based on inductive
reasoning. We draw our conclusions based on what we learned and observed in the
world.
What are the different disciplines of oceanography? - Answers :Physical and Chemical
oceanography
What is the difference between marine biology and oceanography? - Answers
:oceanographers study the oceans themselves—the chemistry, physics, and geology of
ocean systems and how organisms shape these systems, marine biologists study
marine organisms—their characteristics, physiology, and life history.
Who is Captain Cook? - Answers :3 Major voyages abroad the Endeavor, Resolution,
and Discovery (1768-1780). Transit of venus, terra australis, northwest passage.
What was the Challenger Expedition? - Answers :Considered the "beginning of modern
oceanography" 400 'soundings" of seafloor. 1872-1876.
What are some examples of oceanographic tools? - Answers :Mechanical
Bathythermograph (MBT), Submersible, Satellites
What can acoustics measure? - Answers :Sound, explore sediment, passive and active
sensing.
Types of submersibles - Answers :bathythermograph, Remotely Operated Vehicles
(ROV), Autonomous Operated Vehicles (AOV)
Who does submarine science? - Answers :Government Research Institutions,
Universities, and Companies.
Who funds marine science? - Answers :The funders are scientists and are often two
different groups.
People → Government → Scientists
↑↑
Taxes Grants
What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge? - Answers :Traditional ecological
knowledge...shall only be accessed with the free, prior, and informed consent or
approval and involvement of these Indigenous Peoples and local communities."
, What is the relationship between marine science and sustainability? - Answers :The
relationship between marine science and sustainability involves using scientific
knowledge to understand, manage, and preserve marine ecosystems, ensuring the
responsible and equitable use of marine resources to meet present needs without
compromising the well-being of future generations.
What is the relationship between marine science and commodification? - Answers
:Knowledge that can be used for different purposes.
What are common characteristics of 'justice', just practices, and just societies? -
Answers :Equity, Equality, Inclusion, and Reparation.
What are three different types of justice issues? - Answers :Recognitional, procedural
(decision-making, comes first), and distributive.
What is a stakeholder, how are stakeholders related to justice? - Answers :stakes in
decision-making, people who would be affected by the decision have a stake.
What is colonialism? imperialism? neo-colonialism? - Answers :- Colonialism: involves
more political control and settlers
- Imperialism: "A policy of extending a country's power and influence over others
through diplomacy, economics, or military force"
- Neo-colonialism: neo=modern/newer. Has control over resources and less power
What is the common heritage of mankind principle and how does it relate to seabed
mining? - Answers :"The "AREA" (international seabed) and its resources are the
common heritage of mankind."
This means that countries can't claim territory, weaponize seabed, resource use must
be cooperative, resource use should consider future generation, and equitable benefit
sharing.
What is "free, prior, and informed consent?" - Answers :other forms of knowledge
systems are relevant in important decision-making.
What is meant by "full recognition of the special circumstances?" - Answers
:Recognizing that not all states have the same circumstances.
What is the New International Economic Order movement? When did it occur? -
Answers :This led to a huge increase in the number of countries. The goal was to
reshape international law and eliminate economic colonialism. This occurred in 1974
What is the Paris Agreement? What are NDCs and how are they related to the Paris
Agreement? - Answers :○ "Nationally determined contributions" to shared goals.
- Reducing emissions
- Building resilience
- US withdrew (2020) and re-joined (2021)
Define Epistemology - Answers :study of knowledge.
How do we know a thing? What reference frames do we use to examine it? A theory of
knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope.
What is the scientific method? - Answers :A type of epistemology. Based on inductive
reasoning. We draw our conclusions based on what we learned and observed in the
world.
What are the different disciplines of oceanography? - Answers :Physical and Chemical
oceanography
What is the difference between marine biology and oceanography? - Answers
:oceanographers study the oceans themselves—the chemistry, physics, and geology of
ocean systems and how organisms shape these systems, marine biologists study
marine organisms—their characteristics, physiology, and life history.
Who is Captain Cook? - Answers :3 Major voyages abroad the Endeavor, Resolution,
and Discovery (1768-1780). Transit of venus, terra australis, northwest passage.
What was the Challenger Expedition? - Answers :Considered the "beginning of modern
oceanography" 400 'soundings" of seafloor. 1872-1876.
What are some examples of oceanographic tools? - Answers :Mechanical
Bathythermograph (MBT), Submersible, Satellites
What can acoustics measure? - Answers :Sound, explore sediment, passive and active
sensing.
Types of submersibles - Answers :bathythermograph, Remotely Operated Vehicles
(ROV), Autonomous Operated Vehicles (AOV)
Who does submarine science? - Answers :Government Research Institutions,
Universities, and Companies.
Who funds marine science? - Answers :The funders are scientists and are often two
different groups.
People → Government → Scientists
↑↑
Taxes Grants
What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge? - Answers :Traditional ecological
knowledge...shall only be accessed with the free, prior, and informed consent or
approval and involvement of these Indigenous Peoples and local communities."
, What is the relationship between marine science and sustainability? - Answers :The
relationship between marine science and sustainability involves using scientific
knowledge to understand, manage, and preserve marine ecosystems, ensuring the
responsible and equitable use of marine resources to meet present needs without
compromising the well-being of future generations.
What is the relationship between marine science and commodification? - Answers
:Knowledge that can be used for different purposes.
What are common characteristics of 'justice', just practices, and just societies? -
Answers :Equity, Equality, Inclusion, and Reparation.
What are three different types of justice issues? - Answers :Recognitional, procedural
(decision-making, comes first), and distributive.
What is a stakeholder, how are stakeholders related to justice? - Answers :stakes in
decision-making, people who would be affected by the decision have a stake.
What is colonialism? imperialism? neo-colonialism? - Answers :- Colonialism: involves
more political control and settlers
- Imperialism: "A policy of extending a country's power and influence over others
through diplomacy, economics, or military force"
- Neo-colonialism: neo=modern/newer. Has control over resources and less power
What is the common heritage of mankind principle and how does it relate to seabed
mining? - Answers :"The "AREA" (international seabed) and its resources are the
common heritage of mankind."
This means that countries can't claim territory, weaponize seabed, resource use must
be cooperative, resource use should consider future generation, and equitable benefit
sharing.
What is "free, prior, and informed consent?" - Answers :other forms of knowledge
systems are relevant in important decision-making.
What is meant by "full recognition of the special circumstances?" - Answers
:Recognizing that not all states have the same circumstances.
What is the New International Economic Order movement? When did it occur? -
Answers :This led to a huge increase in the number of countries. The goal was to
reshape international law and eliminate economic colonialism. This occurred in 1974
What is the Paris Agreement? What are NDCs and how are they related to the Paris
Agreement? - Answers :○ "Nationally determined contributions" to shared goals.
- Reducing emissions
- Building resilience
- US withdrew (2020) and re-joined (2021)
