Physio 1 Study Questions – Exam 4 – (digestion, glucose metabolism, immune defense, reproduction)
Digestion
Complete hydrolysis of carbohydrates produces ___?
Complete hydrolysis of protein produces ___?
Complete hydrolysis of fat produces ___?
Trace food through the organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
List the accessory glands of the digestive system and give the functions of each.
How does peristalsis work? Where does it occur? What would be the influence of parasympathetic stimulus on the
peristaltic behavior of the organs of the GI tract? Of sympathetic stimulation?
Describe the mucosa of the fundic stomach. What is the function of gastric glands? What cell types make up the gastric
glands? What is the function of each cell type: G cells, ECL cells, parietal and chief cells?
What is pepsinogen?
What are the two main functions of the stomach?
What is ‘Intrinsic Factor’. Where is it produced? What exactly does it do? Where is it used and how?
The absence of intrinsic factor would cause what condition? (hint: starts with ‘P’)
What cell type lines the luminal surface of the stomach? What substance do these cells produce to protect the lining of the
stomach? What is the chemical composition of this substance?
Compare the lining of the pyloric stomach to that of the fundic stomach. Why the difference?
What is the relationship between ECL cells and H-2 receptors? Explain?
What is the relationship between the H+/K+ active transport protein and the HCO 3- ion cotransporter in the parietal cell
(see Fox). How do the drugs Prilosec, Tagamet, and Zantac work to prevent acid reflux?
What are the functions of the small intestine? Describe the four anatomical characteristics by which the small intestine
increases the surface area for absorption.
Distinguish between villi and microvilli. Where are the brush border enzymes located?
What two vascular structures are found in a single villus. What are their respective functions in regards to nutrient
absorption?
Explain the mechanisms of carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine. Of protein absorption. Cite the functions of
the active transport proteins, secondary active transport proteins, and facilitated transport proteins involved and
describe where they are located on the absorptive columnar cell membrane relative to the lumen and the blood
supply of the small intestine.
Describe the chemistry and functions of bile salts and how they work during fat digestion.
Distinguish between fat globules, emulsion droplets, micelles, and chylomicrons and trace the role of each in fat
absorption.
Describe the structure of a chylomicron. How is it different from the micelle?
Are carrier proteins needed for fat absorption by the small intestine?
How are the interstitial cells of Cajal like the nodal cells of the heart? What purpose do they serve? Are they regulated by
the autonomic nervous system? How?
What is the main function of the large intestine? Chronic diarrhea would result in what condition? How does cholera
cause chronic diarrhea?
How many species of bacteria inhabit the large intestine? What vitamins do these bacteria provide to us?
What is the composition of feces? What is the suspected cause of inflammatory bowel and Crohn’s disease?
Explain the blood flow and bile flow through the liver lobule.
Give the functions of the liver.
What is bile? What is bilirubin? How is it different from the heme group? How many iron ions in a hemoglobin
molecule?
What happens to the polypeptides of hemoglobin once released from old red blood cells? To the iron ion?
Describe the process of bilirubin formation, its passage through the bile duct system, storage in the gall bladder, and its
excretion and reabsorption from the large intestine.
Why is feces dark brown and urine amber yellow? Explain.
What is jaundice? Explain Newborn Jaundice? Obstructive jaundice? Hepatitis?
What are possible consequences of high levels of bilirubin in newborn infants? Look this up.
Give 6 examples of different plasma proteins produced by the liver.
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Digestion
Complete hydrolysis of carbohydrates produces ___?
Complete hydrolysis of protein produces ___?
Complete hydrolysis of fat produces ___?
Trace food through the organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
List the accessory glands of the digestive system and give the functions of each.
How does peristalsis work? Where does it occur? What would be the influence of parasympathetic stimulus on the
peristaltic behavior of the organs of the GI tract? Of sympathetic stimulation?
Describe the mucosa of the fundic stomach. What is the function of gastric glands? What cell types make up the gastric
glands? What is the function of each cell type: G cells, ECL cells, parietal and chief cells?
What is pepsinogen?
What are the two main functions of the stomach?
What is ‘Intrinsic Factor’. Where is it produced? What exactly does it do? Where is it used and how?
The absence of intrinsic factor would cause what condition? (hint: starts with ‘P’)
What cell type lines the luminal surface of the stomach? What substance do these cells produce to protect the lining of the
stomach? What is the chemical composition of this substance?
Compare the lining of the pyloric stomach to that of the fundic stomach. Why the difference?
What is the relationship between ECL cells and H-2 receptors? Explain?
What is the relationship between the H+/K+ active transport protein and the HCO 3- ion cotransporter in the parietal cell
(see Fox). How do the drugs Prilosec, Tagamet, and Zantac work to prevent acid reflux?
What are the functions of the small intestine? Describe the four anatomical characteristics by which the small intestine
increases the surface area for absorption.
Distinguish between villi and microvilli. Where are the brush border enzymes located?
What two vascular structures are found in a single villus. What are their respective functions in regards to nutrient
absorption?
Explain the mechanisms of carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine. Of protein absorption. Cite the functions of
the active transport proteins, secondary active transport proteins, and facilitated transport proteins involved and
describe where they are located on the absorptive columnar cell membrane relative to the lumen and the blood
supply of the small intestine.
Describe the chemistry and functions of bile salts and how they work during fat digestion.
Distinguish between fat globules, emulsion droplets, micelles, and chylomicrons and trace the role of each in fat
absorption.
Describe the structure of a chylomicron. How is it different from the micelle?
Are carrier proteins needed for fat absorption by the small intestine?
How are the interstitial cells of Cajal like the nodal cells of the heart? What purpose do they serve? Are they regulated by
the autonomic nervous system? How?
What is the main function of the large intestine? Chronic diarrhea would result in what condition? How does cholera
cause chronic diarrhea?
How many species of bacteria inhabit the large intestine? What vitamins do these bacteria provide to us?
What is the composition of feces? What is the suspected cause of inflammatory bowel and Crohn’s disease?
Explain the blood flow and bile flow through the liver lobule.
Give the functions of the liver.
What is bile? What is bilirubin? How is it different from the heme group? How many iron ions in a hemoglobin
molecule?
What happens to the polypeptides of hemoglobin once released from old red blood cells? To the iron ion?
Describe the process of bilirubin formation, its passage through the bile duct system, storage in the gall bladder, and its
excretion and reabsorption from the large intestine.
Why is feces dark brown and urine amber yellow? Explain.
What is jaundice? Explain Newborn Jaundice? Obstructive jaundice? Hepatitis?
What are possible consequences of high levels of bilirubin in newborn infants? Look this up.
Give 6 examples of different plasma proteins produced by the liver.
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