Psychology Final Exam Test Bank Questions with Correct Answers.

Psychology Final Exam Test Bank Questions with Correct Answers Critical thinking is ________. - Correct Answers: applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information 2. Psychology refers to the ________. - Correct Answers: scientific study of the mind 4. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? - Correct Answers: 1800s 6. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. - Correct Answers: Their own conscious experience 8. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. - Correct Answers: a person's unconscious 11. Behaviorists study ________. - Correct Answers: Learned behavior 15. Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? - Correct Answers: hypothesis 16. Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? - Correct Answers: Dr.Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates 20. A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. - Correct Answers: Gestalt psychology 22. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. - Correct Answers: basic survival needs 25. The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. - Correct Answers: the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior 27. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. - Correct Answers: thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions 31. Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. - Correct Answers: social psychology 32. Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. - Correct Answers: studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes 33. When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. - Correct Answers: neuroticism 37. When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. - Correct Answers: agreeableness 40. Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? - Correct Answers: favoring women over men 48. According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? - Correct Answers: interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors 2. Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. - Correct Answers: independent; dependent 3. A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. - Correct Answers: theory 5. Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? - Correct Answers: whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions 8. Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. - Correct Answers: case studies 11. Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________. - Correct Answers: sample; population; generalization 18. The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. - Correct Answers: between -1 and +1 20. Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? - Correct Answers: +0.2 25. Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. - Correct Answers: confirmation bias 26. The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. - Correct Answers: control 32. A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. - Correct Answers: is large and randomly selected 34. ________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. - Correct Answers: reliability 35. ________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. - Correct Answers: validity 39. Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? - Correct Answers: explaining the hypothesis to the participants 40. Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design? - Correct Answers: They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured 45. A major advantage of case studies is ________. - Correct Answers: detailed information 46. ________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. - Correct Answers: surveys 49. Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. - Correct Answers: the scientific method 50. Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? - Correct Answers: empirical studies 1. A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. - Correct Answers: genetics 2. Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. - Correct Answers: chromosomes; DNA 4. Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. - Correct Answers: more than one gene 6. The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. - Correct Answers: terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles 8. The space between two neurons is called the ________. - Correct Answers: synapse 12. A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. - Correct Answers: undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration 14. ________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. - Correct Answers: beta-endorphin 17. The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. - Correct Answers: parasympathetic 18. Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. - Correct Answers: Somatic 24. Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? - Correct Answers: broca's area 25. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? - Correct Answers: Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors 29. Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? - Correct Answers: Wernicke's area 30. Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? - Correct Answers: audition 33. Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? - Correct Answers: hypothalamus 34. The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. - Correct Answers: amygdala 44. The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. - Correct Answers: fast; long lasting 47. The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. - Correct Answers: pituitary 49. Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. - Correct Answers: Folds; grooves 2. The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. - Correct Answers: circadian rhythm 4. The sleep debt is the result of ________. - Correct Answers: insuffient sleep on a chronic basis 5. The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. - Correct Answers: alpha 8. Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? - Correct Answers: Sigmund Freud 9. Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? - Correct Answers: Rosalind Cartwright 11. Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. - Correct Answers: somnambulism 14. Sleep apnea is defined by ________. - Correct Answers: episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops 19. Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. - Correct Answers: circadian 20. Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli. - Correct Answers: external 21. Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. - Correct Answers: suffers from chronic sleep deprivation 27. Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. - Correct Answers: Narcolepsy 28. Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. - Correct Answers: changes in normal bodily function 29. Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. - Correct Answers: tolerance 32. Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. - Correct Answers: usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors 33. Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. - Correct Answers: stimulant 40. Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. - Correct Answers: darkness; light 44. Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? - Correct Answers: They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control 45. According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________. - Correct Answers: effectively a dissociated state of consciousness 2. What is described by the concept of perception? - Correct Answers: how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced 4. Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? - Correct Answers: top-down 5. Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. - Correct Answers: ultraviolet 9. Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? - Correct Answers: optic 11. Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. - Correct Answers: since birth 12. The ________is also known as the anvil. - Correct Answers: incus 17. Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? - Correct Answers: Gestalt 20. Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. - Correct Answers: transduction 22. Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. - Correct Answers: motivation 23. Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. - Correct Answers: signal detection 25. Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? - Correct Answers: smelling cookies in the oven 30. Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. - Correct Answers: lower; higher 32. Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. - Correct Answers: longer wavelengths 33. ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. - Correct Answers: high; low 35. Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? - Correct Answers: afterimage 36. Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. - Correct Answers: cornea; pupil 42. What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? - Correct Answers: Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies 50. Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? - Correct Answers: Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes 1. Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. - Correct Answers: negative reinforcement 3. In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. - Correct Answers: neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus 6. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? - Correct Answers: learning 9. In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. - Correct Answers: Classical Conditioning 14. ________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. - Correct Answers: Primary reinforcers 15. When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. - Correct Answers: Continuous reinforcement 18. Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. - Correct Answers: observational learning 22. Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. - Correct Answers: learning 30. In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). - Correct Answers: unconditioned response 31. Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? - Correct Answers: William was in an accident with a red car last month. Now he gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van. 32. Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? - Correct Answers: fixed interval 35. Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? - Correct Answers: variable ratio reinforcement 38. Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? - Correct Answers: Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. 40. Which of the following is an example of latent learning? - Correct Answers: remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute 41. What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? - Correct Answers: emotion can be a conditioned response 42. What is the main idea of social learning theory? - Correct Answers: One can learn new behaviors by observing others 48. What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? - Correct Answers: Emotions can be a conditioned response 50. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? - Correct Answers: He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. 1. From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. - Correct Answers: thinking 2. ________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. - Correct Answers: concepts 9. Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? - Correct Answers: semantics 10. A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. - Correct Answers: mental set 11. Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? - Correct Answers: functional fixedness 14. The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. - Correct Answers: analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast 15. Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? - Correct Answers: Robert Sternberg 20. Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. - Correct Answers: role 23. Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. - Correct Answers: confirmation 24. Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. - Correct Answers: hindsight bias 27. Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. - Correct Answers: creative 32. Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. - Correct Answers: logical-mathematical 38. Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? - Correct Answers: dyslexia 39. In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. - Correct Answers: interpersonal; intrapersonal 41. Schemata are a(an) ________. - Correct Answers: method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. 42. What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. - Correct Answers: mastery of the grammatical aspects of language 47. The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. - Correct Answers: one standard deviation above the mean 48. Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? - Correct Answers: modest 1. Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. Heremembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat,and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. - Correct Answers: semantic 3. Encoding information occurs through ________. - Correct Answers: automatic processing and effortful processing 4. Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of thewords are written in bold and some are written in italic. His abilityto remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. - Correct Answers: visual 12. ________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. - Correct Answers: acoustic 13. The act of getting information out of memory storage and back intoconscious awareness is known as ________. - Correct Answers: retrieval 15. What is semantic memory? - Correct Answers: knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts 17. What are the two components of declarative memory? - Correct Answers: semantic and episodic 18. Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. - Correct Answers: thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory 20. What is episodic memory? - Correct Answers: information about events we have personally experienced 21. Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? - Correct Answers: being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics 28. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memoryfor events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. - Correct Answers: retrograde; anterograde 30. Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in hiseighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after thepresentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. Thisis an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. - Correct Answers: transience 33. The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, andthe process of bringing up old memories is called ________. - Correct Answers: construction; reconstruction 37. Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets toknow her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear thatshe has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has________ amnesia. - Correct Answers: retrograde 39. Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? - Correct Answers: Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes 41. Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? - Correct Answers: Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself where she came from, or what happened to her. 42. Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories andweak emotional experiences form weak memories? - Correct Answers: Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. 46. How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? - Correct Answers: Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. 2. ________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal. - Correct Answers: motivation 3. ________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individualmaintaining body weight that is well below average through starvationand/or excessive exercise. - Correct Answers: anorexia nervosa 5. ________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather thanexternal rewards. - Correct Answers: intrinsic motivation 7. The satiety hormone is called ________. - Correct Answers: lepti 12. The ________ response cycle includes four phases includingexcitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. - Correct Answers: sexual response cycle 20. Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior towarda goal. In the following sentence, what is the motivation? Sheila wantsto complete a marathon so she buys new running shoes and spends everyday timing how long it takes her to run the high school track. - Correct Answers: completing a marathon 22. Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? - Correct Answers: Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting 27. Which of the following is an example of the overjustificationeffect? - Correct Answers: Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid. 29. The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of theamygdala. - Correct Answers: basolateral; nucleus 30. Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? - Correct Answers: Naomi believes she can complete law school 33. Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and thesecretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as asignal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________. - Correct Answers: how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger 36. Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both menand women. Jude is ________. - Correct Answers: bisexual 37. Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is________. - Correct Answers: obese 38. If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then youbelieve the ________. - Correct Answers: facial feedback hypothesis 43. Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory ofemotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? - Correct Answers: According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor. 45. What does set point theory suggest about the probable results ofbariatric surgery? - Correct Answers: It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point. 48. What is the main idea of drive theory? - Correct Answers: deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs 50. How is homosexuality similar to bisexuality? - Correct Answers: Both types of sexuality involve loving another person 2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. - Correct Answers: In which people are presented with ambiguous images 5. Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by ourgenetic inheritance? - Correct Answers: Hans and Sybil Eysenck 7. The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic,thoughtful, quiet, and private. - Correct Answers: ectomorph 8. ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our realand ideal selves are very similar. - Correct Answers: congruence 13. Who proposed the locus of control concept? - Correct Answers: Julian Rotter 17. Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. - Correct Answers: Persona 22. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. - Correct Answers: id 26. Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patientrespond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses,and desires. - Correct Answers: 28. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblotcards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort toreveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. - Correct Answers: Rorschach 35. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage ofpsychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to societyand focus on being a part of a family? - Correct Answers: generativity, vs stagnation 38. In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to________. - Correct Answers: anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded 39. Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks tobe mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment tobecoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teachingpraxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. AlbertBandura would say Tammy has ________. - Correct Answers: high self efficacy 42. According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. - Correct Answers: self acualization 43. As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as areaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and tothe behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. - Correct Answers: humanism 44. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? - Correct Answers: neo fruedians reduce emphasis on sex 48. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? - Correct Answers: shaped by reinforcements and consequences 49. Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? - Correct Answers: personal factors determine behaviors 50. Which question was central to the marshmallow test? - Correct Answers: Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to receive a big one later 1. The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonallevel. These topics include ________. - Correct Answers: emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition 4. ________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors. - Correct Answers: Dispositionism 5. Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal andintrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example ofinterpersonal behavior? - Correct Answers: group processes 6. Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable usto see ourselves in favorable light. - Correct Answers: self-serving bias 9. When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________. - Correct Answers: person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting 12. What is a social role? - Correct Answers: socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group 13. A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person,idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. - Correct Answers: attitude 18. Who was Stanley Milgram? - Correct Answers: social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of " I was just following order" typically used by accused Nazis 24. What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment? - Correct Answers: Zimbardo did not use a control group 25. Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? - Correct Answers: opinions 30. Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and arephysically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain anyexpectations beyond that. Their love is called ________. - Correct Answers: romantic 31. Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no realphysical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Theirlove is called ________. - Correct Answers: empty 36. According to the frustration aggression theory, which of thefollowing is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilettraining? - Correct Answers: Simon bites his mother 39. ________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individualsbased solely on their same-sex orientation. - Correct Answers: homophobia 40. If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potatochips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approachis that person using to explain attitude change? - Correct Answers: Yale attitude change 44. The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________to play the part of the person being shocked because the experimentwould be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shocktreatment was faked. - Correct Answers: confederate 45. Which of the following is the best example of central routepersuasion? - Correct Answers: anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year 49. Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her goodacting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames thecasting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of________. - Correct Answers: self-serving bias 2. A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ______. - Correct Answers: stressor 4. A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________. - Correct Answers: anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence 6. ________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance. - Correct Answers: eustress 12. The concept of perceived control refers to ________. - Correct Answers: 12. The concept of perceived control refers to ________. 13. Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? - Correct Answers: coping 19. Which of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress? - Correct Answers: Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife 24. People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline. - Correct Answers: distress 25. Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. - Correct Answers: cognitive 26. Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. - Correct Answers: physiological 28. Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? - Correct Answers: A burst of energy enable Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path 31. Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________. - Correct Answers: daily hassle 32. Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________. - Correct Answers: job burnout 39. Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________. - Correct Answers: social support 41. Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________. - Correct Answers: adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration 45. Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases. - Correct Answers: significantly elevated rates of heart disease 48. Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. - Correct Answers: high blood pressure 49. Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease? - Correct Answers: Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease. 50. Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism? - Correct Answers: Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective. 1. A psychological disorder is a ________. - Correct Answers: condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 2. Etiology is another word for ________. - Correct Answers: causes 8. A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks. - Correct Answers: anxiety 10. People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. - Correct Answers: obsessive-compulsive 11. Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD? - Correct Answers: orbitofrontal cortex 14. ________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt. - Correct Answers: suicidal ideation 15. Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? - Correct Answers: shizophrenia 18. Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder. - Correct Answers: dissociative identity 20. Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________. - Correct Answers: being outside the home alone 23. Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder. - Correct Answers: body dsymorphic 25. Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. - Correct Answers: post-traumatic stress 30. Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have? - Correct Answers: seasonal pattern 31. Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with? - Correct Answers: shizophrenia 33. If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________. - Correct Answers: often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania 39. Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feelsuncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality? - Correct Answers: dependent personality disorder 40. Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________. - Correct Answers: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 41. Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality? - Correct Answers: avoidant personality disorder 43. Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders? - Correct Answers: All neurodevelopment disorders are diagnosed in early childhood 1. Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________. - Correct Answers: race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment 3. Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease. - Correct Answers: chronic 4. During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs. - Correct Answers: intake 6. Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy. - Correct Answers: client-centered 8. Aversive conditioning is a ________. - Correct Answers: counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior 9. Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? - Correct Answers: behavior 10. Exposure therapy is a ________ technique. - Correct Answers: counterconditioning 12. ECT stands for ________. - Correct Answers: electroconvulsive therapy 15. Who developed psychoanalysis? - Correct Answers: Sigmund Freud 17. Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________. - Correct Answers: process of closing large asylums 23. In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? - Correct Answers: cognitive-behavioral therapy 27. Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________. - Correct Answers: token economy 30. Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this? - Correct Answers: active listening 34. Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. - Correct Answers: antidepressants 35. Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? - Correct Answers: adderall 39. A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This exemplifies ________. - Correct Answers: psycho-educational treatment 45. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue. - Correct Answers: 13.4% 47. Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? - Correct Answers: You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time