AP Psychology Unit 7 Test Bank A Exam Questions with Correct Answers.

AP Psychology Unit 7 Test Bank A Exam Questions with Correct Answers Memory is best defined as - Correct Answers: C. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. The process of getting information into memory is called - Correct Answers: C. Encoding The human capacity for storing long-term memories is - Correct Answers: A. Essentially unlimited Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity? - Correct Answers: C. Long-term memory The process of encoding refers to - Correct Answers: C. Getting information into memory Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________. - Correct Answers: D. retention; acquisition The process of getting information out of memory is called - Correct Answers: D. retrieval The process of retrieval refers to - Correct Answers: C. getting information out of memory storage. A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as - Correct Answers: B. connectionism. Which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model "connectionism"? - Correct Answers: B. the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory. - Correct Answers: B. sensory memory Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory. - Correct Answers: A. short-term After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory. - Correct Answers: B. short-term A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. - Correct Answers: D. long-term The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory. - Correct Answers: C. long-term Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence? - Correct Answers: B. Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory. As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed? - Correct Answers: C. working memory To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory. - Correct Answers: B. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of - Correct Answers: D Which term best describes parallel processing? - Correct Answers: D Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of - Correct Answers: A How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories? - Correct Answers: B We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain? - Correct Answers: B Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as - Correct Answers: C Automatic processing occurs without - Correct Answers: C During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of - Correct Answers: A During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: B While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of - Correct Answers: B You are most likely to automatically encode information about - Correct Answers: D The effortful processing of information - Correct Answers: C Effortful processing can occur only with - Correct Answers: B Iconic memory refers to - Correct Answers: B The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory. - Correct Answers: A Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory. - Correct Answers: A For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. - Correct Answers: A By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. - Correct Answers: D When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants - Correct Answers: C Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________. - Correct Answers: C For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory. - Correct Answers: E Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory. - Correct Answers: B While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? - Correct Answers: B Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as - Correct Answers: B Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study found that ________ memories have a limited duration without active processing and rehearsal. - Correct Answers: D After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent - Correct Answers: E Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information. - Correct Answers: B "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory. - Correct Answers: A Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? - Correct Answers: E Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: D Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that - Correct Answers: A Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires - Correct Answers: D Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as - Correct Answers: A Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester in order to pass the AP final exam are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: D Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect? - Correct Answers: C The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as - Correct Answers: C Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of - Correct Answers: E We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: C A mnemonic device is a - Correct Answers: D Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called - Correct Answers: D Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of - Correct Answers: D Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of - Correct Answers: B Chunking refers to - Correct Answers: B The organization of information into meaningful units is called - Correct Answers: C Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of - Correct Answers: B Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as - Correct Answers: A The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of - Correct Answers: A The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: B Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using - Correct Answers: A Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of - Correct Answers: B By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of - Correct Answers: C Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of - Correct Answers: B A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using ______ processing. - Correct Answers: C Deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of - Correct Answers: A Semantic encoding refers to the processing of - Correct Answers: B The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of - Correct Answers: D The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called - Correct Answers: E The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of - Correct Answers: B Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of - Correct Answers: A Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: B Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test? - Correct Answers: A Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating - Correct Answers: A One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires - Correct Answers: E Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of - Correct Answers: D Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: B To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates - Correct Answers: B When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of - Correct Answers: C When asked to recall a list of words including, "plump, crook, and child," people frequently recalled "fat, criminal, and kid." This best illustrates the impact of - Correct Answers: C The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: A Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories - Correct Answers: D Where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual designs stored? - Correct Answers: B Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his - Correct Answers: D Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the - Correct Answers: A Which of the following best describes explicit memories? - Correct Answers: D Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. - Correct Answers: C Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________. - Correct Answers: E An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining - Correct Answers: E Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia? - Correct Answers: A After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from - Correct Answers: D Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that - Correct Answers: C The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between - Correct Answers: D A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. - Correct Answers: E Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. - Correct Answers: E Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory. - Correct Answers: C Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory. - Correct Answers: A Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called - Correct Answers: B Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by - Correct Answers: D The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by - Correct Answers: E Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that - Correct Answers: C The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the - Correct Answers: B By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of - Correct Answers: C The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) - Correct Answers: D Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve - Correct Answers: B Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the - Correct Answers: B When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more ________ at certain synapses. - Correct Answers: A The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as - Correct Answers: D Long-term potentiation refers to - Correct Answers: C One effect of long-term potentiation is that - Correct Answers: C Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that - Correct Answers: D Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory. - Correct Answers: C A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory. - Correct Answers: D When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? - Correct Answers: D An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? - Correct Answers: C Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? - Correct Answers: B Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________. - Correct Answers: B Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? - Correct Answers: C Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names? - Correct Answers: E James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early Spanish training, he quickly remembered it. This illustrates that - Correct Answers: C The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of - Correct Answers: A The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of - Correct Answers: E The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect. - Correct Answers: A On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items - Correct Answers: C Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the - Correct Answers: C Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate - Correct Answers: D Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: D At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains your experience? - Correct Answers: E Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called - Correct Answers: A The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful - Correct Answers: B The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called - Correct Answers: D Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as - Correct Answers: E Memories are primed by - Correct Answers: B Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to - Correct Answers: C Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a junior high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of - Correct Answers: A Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as - Correct Answers: E Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of - Correct Answers: E Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult- child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of - Correct Answers: A After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on recall. - Correct Answers: B The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of - Correct Answers: D Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by - Correct Answers: B Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. - Correct Answers: E After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates - Correct Answers: E The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to - Correct Answers: E Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: D Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of - Correct Answers: D Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates - Correct Answers: E Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful recollections of the rare occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates - Correct Answers: C Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is - Correct Answers: A When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of - Correct Answers: C A person who has trouble forgetting information, such as the Russian memory whiz S, often seems to have a limited capacity for - Correct Answers: C In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to - Correct Answers: C In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of - Correct Answers: A In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________ as blocking is to the sin of ________. - Correct Answers: B In considering the seven sins of memory, transience is to the sin of ________ as suggestibility is to the sin of ________. - Correct Answers: C Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in - Correct Answers: A The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to - Correct Answers: A Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of - Correct Answers: C The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in - Correct Answers: A To prevent encoding failure you should - Correct Answers: C The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on - Correct Answers: A Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially - Correct Answers: D Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that - Correct Answers: D Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is - Correct Answers: D Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change? - Correct Answers: A Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in - Correct Answers: D The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by - Correct Answers: D The fact that older people are often less able than younger adults to recall recently learned information can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with - Correct Answers: D When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________ failure. - Correct Answers: D Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of the Netherlands, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in the Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in - Correct Answers: E The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called - Correct Answers: E Proactive interference refers to the - Correct Answers: D Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates - Correct Answers: D Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates - Correct Answers: C Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed? - Correct Answers: C Retroactive interference involves the disruption of - Correct Answers: C After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of - Correct Answers: C After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of 8the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates - Correct Answers: B Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time - Correct Answers: D The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve - Correct Answers: D The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve - Correct Answers: E Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to - Correct Answers: D You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing Spanish helped you learn French. This phenomenon is best explained by - Correct Answers: E Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates - Correct Answers: D Memory of your old familiar email password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates - Correct Answers: B Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates - Correct Answers: D A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as - Correct Answers: D The patient known as "H.M." suffered from - Correct Answers: A The inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as - Correct Answers: B Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves - Correct Answers: D Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories? - Correct Answers: E Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates - Correct Answers: A Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: C Repression most clearly involves a failure in - Correct Answers: B Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression? - Correct Answers: C The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as - Correct Answers: E Déjà vu refers to the - Correct Answers: D While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of - Correct Answers: A Stereotypes can often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of - Correct Answers: C As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: D When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that - Correct Answers: D Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated - Correct Answers: D After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of - Correct Answers: E The misinformation effect refers to the - Correct Answers: D The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of - Correct Answers: B An attorney uses misleading questions in an attempt to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: B When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry test she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the test was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: B Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to - Correct Answers: C Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that - Correct Answers: D Marci vividly remembered winning a stuffed animal at a carnival game when she was a child. However, when she mentioned this to her parents, she was told that the event never occurred. Marci's experience may have been influenced by - Correct Answers: E The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates - Correct Answers: C After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of - Correct Answers: E As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates - Correct Answers: C After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: B After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: A Your friend told you that eating chocolate was shown to improve memory recall. You may later recall this "fact" but forget where you heard it. You assume that you heard it on the news, a credible source, so you begin eating chocolate. Your behavior best illustrates - Correct Answers: C Being asked to explain why a previously observed stranger was feeling angry has been found to influence people's perceptual memories of that person's facial expression. This best illustrates the dynamics of - Correct Answers: B Research on memory construction indicates that - Correct Answers: B Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to - Correct Answers: C By incorporating errors originating from a hypnotist's leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories often illustrate - Correct Answers: C Those who are eager to use hypnosis to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of - Correct Answers: B When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamics of - Correct Answers: E Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of - Correct Answers: B When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: A Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates - Correct Answers: D Police interrogators have been trained to ask less suggestive and more effective questions to avoid - Correct Answers: B Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse? - Correct Answers: C Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to - Correct Answers: C To gain accurate eyewitness testimony from children, interviewers must - Correct Answers: C In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of - Correct Answers: A When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if - Correct Answers: D Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties are due to - Correct Answers: E Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may sometimes be told that they are simply in a stage of "denial" and "repression." This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes - Correct Answers: E Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that - Correct Answers: C Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of - Correct Answers: D With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that - Correct Answers: E Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated - Correct Answers: C When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates - Correct Answers: D Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be - Correct Answers: B