Gen Psych ch 6 Test Bank Exam Questions with Correct Answers.

Gen Psych ch 6 Test Bank Exam Questions with Correct Answers The detection of specific properties of a stimulus is called - Correct Answers: sensation The brain's use of sensory information to recognize and organize is called - Correct Answers: perception Detecting the color green is to __________, as responding to a green light is to __________. - Correct Answers: sensation; perception *__________ is the conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of receptor cells of sensory organs. - Correct Answers: transduction A sensory neuron that responds directly to physical energy is called a __________ cell. - Correct Answers: receptor *The type of energy transduced by the receptors of the eye is __________ energy. - Correct Answers: radiant Light is to __________ energy as sound is to __________ energy. - Correct Answers: radiant; mechanical All of the following environmental stimuli are forms of mechanical energy, EXCEPT - Correct Answers: temperature The eye is to __________ energy as the ear is to __________ energy. - Correct Answers: radiant; mechanical The conversion of the energy produced by falling water, into electrical power, at a hydroelectric dam is analogous to - Correct Answers: transduction Since our ability to detect an enormous number of different stimuli is dependent on action potentials that are all-or-none events, the transmission of sensory information to the brain requires the use of - Correct Answers: codes The doctrine of specific nerve energies is closely related to which aspect of sensory processing? - Correct Answers: Anatomical coding An intense or loud sound generates a high rate of firing in the neurons of the auditory system. This pattern of firing is an example of __________ coding. - Correct Answers: temporal The smallest change in the magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected is called a(n) - Correct Answers: just-noticeable difference. The systematic study of the relation between the physical characteristics of stimuli and perception experience is known as - Correct Answers: psychophysics As the intensity or brightness of light increases, the absolute size of the jnd for the perception of brightness - Correct Answers: becomes larger Weber fractions relate the __________ to the __________. - Correct Answers: jnd; magnitude of the stimulus If the Weber fraction for the perception of difference between weights that you hold in your hand is 1:40, then how much weight would you need to add to a 10 lb. weight to make it just noticeably heavier? - Correct Answers: 0.25 lb *A psychophysical function - Correct Answers: maps psychological experience to the physical world. From your hotel, you can just barely hear the sound of the sea if you really concentrate. The level of that sound is at the __________ for you. - Correct Answers: absolute threshold The lowest value of a stimulus that can be detected is called the - Correct Answers: absolute threshold Sometimes we can detect the presence of very weak stimuli and sometimes we can not. This is due to the - Correct Answers: inherent variability in the activity of our nervous systems. An important principle of signal detection theory is that detection of any stimulus requires that we discriminate between __________ and __________. - Correct Answers: signal; noise In a signal detection experiment, a subject's tendency to say "yes" or "no," when he or she is unsure of whether a stimulus is present is called - Correct Answers: response bias. Suppose you have just finished working out and decide to take a shower. You are also expecting an important phone call and so decide that you will listen extra carefully for the ringing of the phone. Two or three times, you pop your head out of the shower thinking that you hear the phone, only to find that it didn't ring after all. Your experience of listening for the phone illustrates - Correct Answers: your response bias. Which of the following qualifies as a false alarm? - Correct Answers: A signal is absent and the subject responds "yes." Which of the following qualifies as a correct negative? - Correct Answers: A signal is absent and the subject responds "no." While Juanita is in the shower, she is listening for the phone because she is expecting an important call about a new job. According to signal detection theory, she is more likely to make a __________ than a __________. - Correct Answers: false alarm; miss The method of signal detection - Correct Answers: is the best way to determine a subject's sensitivity to the presence of a given stimulus. The visible spectrum is essentially _________ nanometers in length. - Correct Answers: 400 *Which of the following forms of energy have SHORTER wavelengths than the part of the electromagnetic spectrum called the visible spectrum? - Correct Answers: Ultraviolet rays The transparent bulge at the front of the eye is known as the - Correct Answers: cornea The amount of light that enters the eye is controlled by two bands of muscles called the - Correct Answers: iris The space immediately behind the __________ is filled with a fluid called the __________. - Correct Answers: cornea; aqueous humor Blockage of the passage that returns aqueous humor to the blood, can result in a medical condition called - Correct Answers: glaucoma Helen has __________; an eye condition she treats by using eye drops that enlarge the passage that returns aqueous humor to the blood. - Correct Answers: glaucoma Accommodation is the process that involves - Correct Answers: changing the shape of the lens and focusing images on the retina. If you look down at this exam item, after looking around the room, the lens of your eye changes shape in order to focus the image of this question on your retina. This process called - Correct Answers: accomodation Near-sightedness and far-sightedness are correctable conditions. They arise from abnormality in the __________ of the eye. - Correct Answers: length The _________ is the interior surface of the eye that contains the _________. - Correct Answers: retina; photoreceptors Information first produced by the approximately _________ million photoreceptors in each retina, eventually is transmitted by axons that collect at the _________. - Correct Answers: 130; optic disk Photoreceptors in the human eye include - Correct Answers: rods and cones Light striking the retina passes through which layer of cells first? - Correct Answers: ganglion cells One characteristic that ganglion cells and bipolar cells have in common is that they both - Correct Answers: are transparent If your eyes are too __________ then you __________ - Correct Answers: short; are farsighted. Jane has an eye that is too long. Therefore, she is __________ and wears __________ corrective lenses. - Correct Answers: nearsighted; concave A __________ lens is used to correct farsightedness. - Correct Answers: convex Visual information follows which of the following routes to the brain? - Correct Answers: Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells Which of the following statements is FALSE? - Correct Answers: Cones are more useful than rods for seeing in dimly lit settings. It is late at night and Tom is walking home from campus. The photoreceptors that are transducing the physical energy striking his eyes are the - Correct Answers: rods Visual acuity is sharpest, when images cast by the environmental stimuli fall directly on the fovea, because - Correct Answers: most of the cones in the fovea send their signals to only one ganglion cell instead of several. The key vitamin involved in the transduction of radiant energy is vitamin - Correct Answers: A When a photon of light strikes a photoreceptor, - Correct Answers: the photopigment splits, and a series of chemical events stimulates the photoreceptors so that it generates a signal. Rhodopsin is the photopigment - Correct Answers: contained in the rods. *Suppose you have been outdoors in the bright sunlight and go inside to get a drink of water. When you enter your house, you find it a bit difficult to see; everything appears darker than usual. Soon, though, you begin to see better. In other words, __________ has occurred. - Correct Answers: dark adaption When you enter a darkened area after being in bright light, it takes your eyes some time to adjust to the difference in illumination levels. This is because - Correct Answers: the photopigment bleached by the brighter light takes some time to regenerate. Saccadic eye movements are used to see __________ objects in our environments. - Correct Answers: motionless Which kind of eye movements ensures that the image of an object will fall on corresponding portions of each retina? - Correct Answers: Vergence movements The kind of eye movement that is used when we scan a visual scene is called a __________ movement. - Correct Answers: saccadic Ahmed is aboard a ship and is scanning the ocean, hoping for a sight of land. The kind of eye movements he is using are called __________ movements. - Correct Answers: saccadic During saccadic eye movements, - Correct Answers: the eyes move as fast as they can. Although Rachel is slowly scanning the horizon before her, her eyes do not move smoothly and evenly. Instead, her eye movements are jerky. This kind of eye movement is called a __________ movement. - Correct Answers: saccadic The smooth eye movements used to track an object are termed __________ movements. - Correct Answers: pursuit Saccadic is to __________ as pursuit is to __________. - Correct Answers: scanning; tracking The type of eye movement used to keep the image of a moving object focused on the retina is called a __________ movement. - Correct Answers: pursuit *In terms of color vision, which of the following terms does NOT belong with the other four? - Correct Answers: Bulls Wavelength is the physical dimension, of the perceptual dimension, known as - Correct Answers: hue *In color vision, brightness is to __________ as saturation is to __________. - Correct Answers: intensity; purity The amount of energy being radiated from a visual stimulus is referred to as the perceptual dimension of __________. - Correct Answers: brightness Pastel green is an example of a(n) __________ color. - Correct Answers: less saturated If white light were mixed with a pure blue wavelength, the result would be a __________ light. - Correct Answers: less saturated blue The addition of two or more lights of different wavelengths is called additive __________ mixing. - Correct Answers: color Our perception of an object's color is determined mainly by the - Correct Answers: wavelengths it reflects. Mixing two paint colors together produces a darker color than when mixing two colors of light because - Correct Answers: paint pigments result from a subtractive mixture, and colored lights result from an additive mixture. The claim that the human eye has three receptors sensitive to color and that each is maximally sensitive to a different wavelength, is called the __________ theory of color vision. - Correct Answers: trichromatic The human eye contains three types of photopigments, each of which absorb a particular wavelength. The wavelengths correspond to the actual hues of - Correct Answers: blue-violet, green, and yellow-green. Yellow light stimulates which photoreceptor(s)? - Correct Answers: Red and green The retinal ganglion cells involved in sending visual information about color to the brain do so by firing - Correct Answers: faster for some wavelengths than for others. *At the ganglion cell level, different colors are encoded - Correct Answers: temporally According to the opponent process theory of color vision, if light stimulates a red photoreceptor, then the __________ ganglion cells will __________ their rate of firing. - Correct Answers: red/green; increase In order for a person with normal vision to do the impossible-perceive a bluish yellow hue-the appropriate ganglion cells would have to fire - Correct Answers: both slowly and rapidly. Negative after images occur because of - Correct Answers: a rebound effect in retinal ganglion cells. Defective color vision is more common among males than females because - Correct Answers: genes for photopigments are carried on the X chromosome. Protanopia results from - Correct Answers: red cones being filled with green photopigment. Protanopia and deuteranopia have in common that they both - Correct Answers: are defects in which red and green colors are confused. The defect in color vision to which males and females are equally vulnerable is - Correct Answers: tritanopia Variations in air pressure that can be heard - Correct Answers: constitute sounds. An alternating pattern of high and low air pressure is known as - Correct Answers: a sound wave The range of vibrations that the human auditory system can detect is __________ Hz. - Correct Answers: 30-20,000 *Sound energy is transformed from airborne vibrations to bone conduction at the - Correct Answers: ear drum The eardrum transmits vibrations, produced by objects in the environment, to the receptor cells in the inner ear, by means of the - Correct Answers: ossicles Downward flexing of the basilar membrane causes the __________ to bulge outward. - Correct Answers: round window Which of the following terms DOES NOT belong with the others? - Correct Answers: Malleus Loudness is to the __________ of a sound wave, as timbre is to the __________ of a sound wave. - Correct Answers: intensity; complexity In audition, complexity is to __________ as frequency is to __________. - Correct Answers: timbre; pitch Loudness is related to the __________ of a sound wave. - Correct Answers: amplitude Pitch is related to the __________ of a sound wave. - Correct Answers: frequency Timbre is related to the __________ of a sound wave. - Correct Answers: complexity The auditory hair cells transduce what type of energy? - Correct Answers: Mechanical Embedded in the tectorial membrane are __________; which, when stretched, produce neural activity. - Correct Answers: cilia __________ frequency sounds cause the __________ of the basilar membrane to vibrate. - Correct Answers: Low-; tip Damage to the portion of the basilar membrane closest to its base would cause - Correct Answers: the inability to hear high-pitched sounds. *A sound of 100 Hz will stimulate the __________ of the basilar membrane. - Correct Answers: tip Frequencies of lower than 200 Hz are encoded - Correct Answers: temporally Low-frequency sounds are encoded __________, whereas high-frequency sounds are encoded __________. - Correct Answers: temporally; anatomically The reason a violin sounds different than a clarinet is that they - Correct Answers: each have a different timbre. Complex sounds are made up of - Correct Answers: a fundamental frequency and its multiples. A complex sound causes - Correct Answers: many different parts of the basilar membrane to flex simultaneously. Once our faces are oriented toward the source of a sound, we can detect changes in its location by as little as __________ degree(s). - Correct Answers: 1 The most effective cue in the source of high-frequency sounds is - Correct Answers: relative loudness For frequencies below 3,000 Hz, locating the source of sound involves detecting - Correct Answers: differences in the arrival time of the sound at each ear. The auditory stimuli that are the easiest to locate are those that produce - Correct Answers: brief clicks The key factor that unites the Deaf community is - Correct Answers: sign language. *The members of the Deaf community are primarily those who - Correct Answers: use sign language. Members of the Deaf community who communicate with each other using American Sign Language - Correct Answers: probably would not support the oralist approach to education. The __________ approach to education of deaf children teaches them to communicate verbally and to lipread. - Correct Answers: oralist Which of the following is NOT a quality of taste? - Correct Answers: richness Taste and flavor differ with respect to the fact that - Correct Answers: flavor includes the texture and odor of food. Another term for the "bumps" on the tongue is - Correct Answers: papillae Which of the following is TRUE regarding microvilli? - Correct Answers: They protrude through pores in the taste bud into the saliva. Which of the following is the fifth taste quality that has recently been added to the traditional four qualities? - Correct Answers: Umami The two chemosenses are - Correct Answers: gustation and olfaction. If you were lost in the woods and forced to eat plants (and perhaps a few insects), which taste should you make every attempt to avoid? - Correct Answers: Bitter The chief function of salt-tasting receptors in the mouth appears to be to identify __________ chloride. - Correct Answers: sodium Research suggests that the umami receptors may have evolved to allow a preference for - Correct Answers: glutamate The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as - Correct Answers: olfaction *One reason that the human olfactory system is inferior to that of other animal species is that our noses - Correct Answers: are relatively high off the ground; most cling to the ground. Which of the following statements is FALSE? - Correct Answers: Odors are difficult to identify in terms of their individual components. The olfactory system sends information to the __________, which plays a role in both __________. - Correct Answers: limbic system; emotion and memory The receptor cells for smell are located in the - Correct Answers: olfactory mucosa. The olfactory mucosa are located - Correct Answers: just under the base of the brain. The first level of olfactory analysis of odor molecules is performed by neural circuits located in the - Correct Answers: olfactory bulb An odor molecule is to __________ as a transmitter substance is to __________. - Correct Answers: the odor receptor molecule; the postsynaptic receptor Hot and spicy foods, such as Mexican food, get their special characteristics in part from stimulating all EXCEPT which of the following? - Correct Answers: temperature receptors Which of the following is NOT one of the somatosenses? - Correct Answers: olfaction What are the three categories of somatosenses? - Correct Answers: Skin, internal, and vestibular senses For Arvid and Anne to dance the tango, they need to use all three classes of the somatosenses. What are they? - Correct Answers: Skin, internal, and vestibular senses The most common sensory receptor in the skin is the - Correct Answers: free nerve ending. *Lisa picks up her electric razor and turns it on. She immediately senses vibrations coming from it because the razor is stimulating - Correct Answers: Pacinian corpuscles. Sensory psychologists define touch (as opposed to pressure) as the sensation of - Correct Answers: very light contact of an object with the skin. Which of the following regions of the body is most sensitive to touch and pressure? - Correct Answers: the fingrtips Which two regions of the body are most sensitive to touch and pressure? - Correct Answers: The fingertips and lips Skin sensitivity to touch and pressure may be determined using the - Correct Answers: two-point discrimination threshold method. Cari has just been tested for skin sensitivity. The two legs of a caliper were spread apart and touched on various parts of her body. The distances at which she could experience two different sensations from the points were as follows: back of calf - 1 inch; back of thigh - 1.25 inches; lower back - 1.44 inches; middle of back - 1.63 inches; and upper back - 1.75 inches. Which part of Cari's body is the MOST sensitive to touch? - Correct Answers: Calf Josh has taken a tranquilizer to calm down. While walking barefoot across his kitchen, he stubs his toe. Most likely, Josh - Correct Answers: senses the pain in his toe, but it doesn't bother him much. The phenomenon of phantom limb does NOT - Correct Answers: occur in less than half of amputees. Muscle spindles are stretch receptors that are located - Correct Answers: throughout the muscle. The receptive organs primarily involved in detecting changes in the tilt of the head are called the vestibular - Correct Answers: sacs The semicircular canals are sensitive to - Correct Answers: changes in the rotation of the head. When an ice skater spins, which component of the vestibular apparatus will detect that movement? - Correct Answers: Semicircular canals All sensory systems use rate of firing to encode the __________ of stimulation. - Correct Answers: intensity A stimulus with a value of 1 jnd is just above the - Correct Answers: difference threshold. What is the role of photopigment in the transduction of light? - Correct Answers: It splits apart when struck by a photon and begins the process of transduction. When driving at night, it is more difficult to see if the driver of an oncoming car does not dim the high beams because - Correct Answers: bright light bleaches the molecules of photopigments faster than regeneration can occur. Wavelength is a __________ dimension of light, and hue is the corresponding __________ dimension. - Correct Answers: physical; perceptual Thomas Young was essentially correct when he hypothesized that the eye contains __________ types of color receptors that respond to __________. - Correct Answers: three; red, green, and blue The most important cause of negative afterimages is - Correct Answers: changes in the firing rate of retinal ganglion cells. The basilar membrane - Correct Answers: divides the cochlea into two parts. High- and medium-frequency sounds cause __________ of the basilar membrane to vibrate. - Correct Answers: various regions We perceive the source of sounds by using - Correct Answers: relative loudness and arrival time. Members of the Deaf community - Correct Answers: communicate visually using sign language. American Sign Language is - Correct Answers: a full-fledged language. *Foods do not taste as good when you have a head cold because - Correct Answers: congestion makes it difficult for food odors to reach receptors for your sense of smell. Research on olfaction - Correct Answers: has found that the olfactory bulbs send information directly to the limbic system. Pacinian corpuscles detect - Correct Answers: vibration If a small weight is placed on your motionless arm, you will eventually stop feeling its presence because sensory endings that respond to pressure - Correct Answers: only respond to movement. As you shop for laundry detergent, you are surprised to find a new fragrance offered by your favorite brand. You are impressed that, although you have only ____________ different olfactory receptors, chemists can continue to develop ways to stimulate new ____________ of activity in them. - Correct Answers: 339; patterns When you don't like tripe for dinner but you do like ice cream for dessert, what principle can you use to say that you have had enough tripe but not too much to spoil your appetite for ice cream? - Correct Answers: Sensory-specific satiety You are studying with your best friend when suddenly she proclaims that she can no longer focus unless she eats a slice of pepperoni pizza with extra cheese. In your reading on the chemical senses, what is the best explanation for your friend's craving? - Correct Answers: Her insula has been activated. You taste your friend's culinary arts term project and make a suggestion that he add ____________ in order to give it a ____________ taste. - Correct Answers: menthol; cool