lOMoARcPSD|52942330
Chapter_6_Fundamentals_Anatomy_
Physiology_With_Ramirez_University
_of_Texas_at_Dallas
, lOMoARcPSD|52942330
Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure
Topic/Chapter: Notes:
6-1: Major Functions and ● Skeletal system includes skeleton, cartilages, ligaments,
Parts stabilizing/interconnecting tissue.
● Supports, surrounds, and protects soft tissues and organs
● Stores calcium/phosphate and lipids in yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)
● Makes RBC and blood parts in red bone marrow
● Act like levers to give varying degrees of force in varying directions
6-2 Bone Shapes ● Sutural/Wormian: small, flat, amorphous. Many differences in #, shape, and
position. Found between flat bones of skull
● Irregular: Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged areas. Ex:
vertebra.
● Short: boxy, with equal dimensions. Ex: carpal and tarsal bones. NOT LITTLE
● Flat: flattened shape with thin parallel surfaces. Found on roof of skull,
sternum, ribs, scapulae. Gives protection and SA for attachment.
● Long: relatively long and slender. Ex: traits found in femur.
● Sesamoid: small, round, flat. Develop within tendons. Reason why # of bones
is variable. Ex: sesamoid patellae
Bone Markings/Surface ● 3 main groups
Features ○ Projections: form where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and
where adjacent bones form joints.
○ Openings and Depressions: places where blood vessels/nerves lie
alongside/penetrate bone.
● REFER TO QUIZLET
Bone Structure ● Order from outside to inside: Epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis.
● In wall of diaphysis, there is compact bone that surrounds the
medullary/marrow cavity.
● Epiphyses have spongy/trabecular bone that has open network of struts and
plates that look like a lattice. No large medullary cavity. Has red bone
marrow.
● In the cranium, flat bones are layered like sandwich: compact bone (cortex),
Diploe (spongy bone), compact bone (cortex).
6-3 Bone Composition of ● Dense bc of Ca 2+ deposits around protein fibers. Osteocytes in lacunae get
Cells (Traits of Bone) nutrients from canaliculi that stem from central canal and are extensions.
● Outer surfaces are covered with periosteum (except for joints), that are
made of outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer.
Bone Matrix ● Calcium phosphate (⅔ weight of bone) + calcium hydroxide =
hydroxyapatite crystals. Also uses calcium carbonate, sodium magnesium,
fluoride. ⅓ weight of bone is collagen fibers. Cells make up 2% of bone mass.
● Calcium phosphate crystals are hard, withstand compression, but are likely
to shatter. Collagen fibers are strong, flexible, can twist and bend, but suck @
compression.
○ Combined, it’s flexi, strong, resistant to breaking/shattering under
compression.
● Bone without matrix looks normal but is flexi.
Chapter_6_Fundamentals_Anatomy_
Physiology_With_Ramirez_University
_of_Texas_at_Dallas
, lOMoARcPSD|52942330
Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure
Topic/Chapter: Notes:
6-1: Major Functions and ● Skeletal system includes skeleton, cartilages, ligaments,
Parts stabilizing/interconnecting tissue.
● Supports, surrounds, and protects soft tissues and organs
● Stores calcium/phosphate and lipids in yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)
● Makes RBC and blood parts in red bone marrow
● Act like levers to give varying degrees of force in varying directions
6-2 Bone Shapes ● Sutural/Wormian: small, flat, amorphous. Many differences in #, shape, and
position. Found between flat bones of skull
● Irregular: Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged areas. Ex:
vertebra.
● Short: boxy, with equal dimensions. Ex: carpal and tarsal bones. NOT LITTLE
● Flat: flattened shape with thin parallel surfaces. Found on roof of skull,
sternum, ribs, scapulae. Gives protection and SA for attachment.
● Long: relatively long and slender. Ex: traits found in femur.
● Sesamoid: small, round, flat. Develop within tendons. Reason why # of bones
is variable. Ex: sesamoid patellae
Bone Markings/Surface ● 3 main groups
Features ○ Projections: form where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and
where adjacent bones form joints.
○ Openings and Depressions: places where blood vessels/nerves lie
alongside/penetrate bone.
● REFER TO QUIZLET
Bone Structure ● Order from outside to inside: Epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis.
● In wall of diaphysis, there is compact bone that surrounds the
medullary/marrow cavity.
● Epiphyses have spongy/trabecular bone that has open network of struts and
plates that look like a lattice. No large medullary cavity. Has red bone
marrow.
● In the cranium, flat bones are layered like sandwich: compact bone (cortex),
Diploe (spongy bone), compact bone (cortex).
6-3 Bone Composition of ● Dense bc of Ca 2+ deposits around protein fibers. Osteocytes in lacunae get
Cells (Traits of Bone) nutrients from canaliculi that stem from central canal and are extensions.
● Outer surfaces are covered with periosteum (except for joints), that are
made of outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer.
Bone Matrix ● Calcium phosphate (⅔ weight of bone) + calcium hydroxide =
hydroxyapatite crystals. Also uses calcium carbonate, sodium magnesium,
fluoride. ⅓ weight of bone is collagen fibers. Cells make up 2% of bone mass.
● Calcium phosphate crystals are hard, withstand compression, but are likely
to shatter. Collagen fibers are strong, flexible, can twist and bend, but suck @
compression.
○ Combined, it’s flexi, strong, resistant to breaking/shattering under
compression.
● Bone without matrix looks normal but is flexi.
