BIO 210 Genetics Final Exam

A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - Correct Answer-phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base What nitrogenous bases are purines - Correct Answer-Adenine and Guanine What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - Correct Answer-cytosine, thymine, uracil How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - Correct Answer-purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - Correct Answer-DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2' Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - Correct Answer-nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - Correct Answer-Phosphodiester bonds What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - Correct Answer-1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits 2.) Must be capable of replication 3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation 4.) Must be able to express information Where are chromosomes located? - Correct Answer-cell's nucleus what is a centrosome? - Correct Answer-location in the cell that contains centrioles What are centrioles? - Correct Answer-microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? - Correct Answer-2 centrioles/1 centrosome How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell typically have? - Correct Answer-2 copies what are homologous chromosomes? - Correct Answer-copies of the same type of DNA What are non-homologous chromosomes? - Correct Answer-copies of different chromosomes with different DNA What is mitosis? - Correct Answer-cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? - Correct Answer-interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis What happens during mitosis interphase? - Correct Answer-mitosis stage that the cell is primarily in chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus 1 centrosome 2 centrioles What happens during interphase s-phase? - Correct Answer-Centrosome replication ( 2 centrosomes 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still uncondensed) What happens during mitosis prophase? - Correct Answer-centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell using spindle fibers nuclear membrane breaks down chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers What happens during mitosis prometaphase? - Correct Answer-centrioles have reached polar regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore What happens during mitosis metaphase - Correct Answer-all chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate What happens during mitosis Anaphase? - Correct Answer-mitotic spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into chromatids (4n) What happens during mitosis telophase? - Correct Answer-nuclear envelope reforms plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at this point What happens during cytokinesis? - Correct Answer-cells split off; genetic material becomes uncondensed What happens during Meiosis? - Correct Answer-Division of one diploid cell to yield 4 haploid cells that are completely different What happens during Meiosis 1? - Correct Answer-1. Homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads. 2. Crossing over (exchange of sections of genetic material) occurs at chiasmata. 3. Cell divides into two. Homologous chromosomes separate randomly. Each cell contains either maternal or paternal copy. (1 diploids becomes 2 haploid) What happens during Meiosis 2? - Correct Answer-1. Independent segregation of sister chromatids. 2. Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells. What are the three theories of DNA Replication? - Correct Answer-semi-conservative(parent strands split a