BIOS252 Exam 3 Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+

BIOS252 Exam 3 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ Adaptation - Answer: the ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure Sensory Receptor: Free Nerve Endings - Answer: Pain, Temperature, Tickle, Itch Senroey Receptor: Encapsulated Nerve Endings - Answer: Touch, Pressure, Vibration Mechanoreceptors - Answer: Respond to mechanical factors: Stretch, Touch, Pressure, Vibrations Osmoreceptors - Answer: respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis) Thermoreceptors - Answer: respond to changes in temperature Chemoreceptors - Answer: respond to chemicals Photoreceptors - Answer: respond to light Nociceptors - Answer: pain receptors: Fast, acute sharp pain and Slow, dull achy pain Rods and Cones of the retina are an example of what? - Answer: Photoreceptors Optic disc - Answer: area of the eye where the optic nerve and blood vessles enter and exit What is the physiology of vision? - Answer: Lens will change shape, bending light further as it enters the vitrous chamber and focuses on retina. Olfactory Cells are an example of what sensory receptor? - Answer: Chemoreceptors Papilla - Answer: the bumps on the tongue containint taste buds Vallate Papillae - Answer: 12 of them each containing 100-300 taste buds What are the 5 taste sensations? - Answer: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory) Where is the organ of corti located and what sensory receptor is it? - Answer: Located in the Cochlea. Mechanoreceptors Sound travles through the outer ear how? - Answer: auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane (eardrum) Sound travles through the middle ear how? - Answer: Eustachian tube, ossicles, oval window, round window Sound travles through the inner ear how? - Answer: Bony labyrinth and chochlea, organ of corti Primary Endocrine structures - Answer: Structures whose roll is only int he production hormones. Primary Endocrine structures - Answer: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland Secondary Endocrine structures - Answer: Structures capable of producing hormones but that is not their only function Secondary Endocrin structures - Answer: Pancreas, Thymus, Skin, Heart, Stomach, Liver, Kidneys, Hypothalamus, Gonads, and Small Intestine Lipid Soluble - Answer: bound to transport proteins; receptors inside cells steroid based, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide Water soluble - Answer: Circulate freely in blood; receptors are on the outer cell membrane. What is the hypothalamus function? - Answer: Homeostasis and temperature regulation Hypothalamus relation to pituitary - Answer: connects to the pituitary via the stalk of the infundibulum. How is the hypothalumus connected to the anterior pituitary - Answer: blood vessles (adenohypophysis) How is the hypothalumus connected to the posterior pituitary - Answer: nerves (neurohypophysis) What is the anterior pituitary resonsible for? - Answer: Growth and releasing hormones Effects on target tissue - Answer: synthesize and release IGF's which proomote growth of body tissue. Enhance lipolysis and decrease glucose. Promotes bone growth. What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in females? - Answer: It initiates the development of oocytes and stimulates ovarian secretion of estrogen. What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males? - Answer: It stimulates the testes to promote sperm production. luteinizing hormone (LH) in females - Answer: stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum. luteinizing hormone (LH) in males - Answer: stimulates testes to produce testosterone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Answer: controls hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex. mainly cortisol What is Triiodothyronine commonly known as? - Answer: T3 What stimulates the release of Triiodothyronine (T3)? - Answer: Stimulating hormones, low metabolic rate, cold What is the target tissue for Triiodothyronine (T3)? - Answer: Many cells in the body What is the effect of Triiodothyronine (T3)? - Answer: Increase rate of metabolism What stimulates the release of Parathyroid? - Answer: Low blood Ca levels stimulates secretion What is the effect of Parathyroid? - Answer: increase calcium removal from storage in bone, produces the active form of vitamin D in the kidney, increase absorption of calcium by intestines. What stimulates the release of Aldosterone? - Answer: Low Na levels stimulate secretion. Angiotensis II What is the target tissue for Aldosterone? - Answer: Kidney What is the effect of Aldosterone? - Answer: Stimulates kidney tubles to conserce sodium. triggers the release of ADH and resulting the conservation of water by the kidney. What stimulates the release of Glucagon? - Answer: Low blood glucole levels What is the target tissue for Glucagon? - Answer: Liver and other cells What is the effect of Glucagon? - Answer: Raises blood glucose levels by accelerating glycogenolysis, converting other nutrients into glucose, releasing it to the blood. What stimulates the release of Insulin? - Answer: Raise in hight glucose levels What is the target tissue for Insulin? - Answer: most cells in the body What is the effect of Insulin? - Answer: lowers blood glucose levels by accelerating transport of glucose. Autocrine - Answer: effects the cells that produce the hormone Paracrine - Answer: effect the cells that surround the cells that produce hormones Graves disease - Answer: hyperthyroidism