MCDB Final Exam Questions and
Answers
Characteristic of Living Organisms - Correct Answers --Energy: acquisition of and use of
-Cells: membrane bound unit
-Information: genetic information; process and respond to information lout there
-Replication: goal of all organisms...make more organisms
-Evolution: organisms are a product of evolution and are constantly evolving
Cell Theory - Correct Answers -1. All organisms are made of cells
2. Cell come from preexisting cells
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection - Correct Answers -1. All species are related
my common ancestry
2. All species have changed over time in response to natural selection
All organisms are made of cells - Correct Answers -cell: a highly organized
compartment bounded by a thin flexible plasma membrane that contains concentrated
chemicals in aqueous solution
Cells come from preexisting cells - Correct Answers -cells reproduce
Signal amplification in intracellular receptors - Correct Answers --1 ligand
-1 receptor
-1 receptor binding to regulatory sequence in DNA
-amplification in regulation of gene expression (transcription...TONS of mRNAs
transcribed, and TONS of proteins translated)
kinase - Correct Answers -enzyme that adds phosphate to protein or lipid
phosphatase - Correct Answers -enzyme that removes phosphate group
GTPase - Correct Answers -enzyme that hydrolyzes GTP to GDP +P
Phosphodiesterase - Correct Answers -enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bonds
cAMP to AMP
cyclase - Correct Answers -enzyme that makes a cylic nucleotide rom trinucletoides
ATP to cAMP- creates phosphodiester bonds
,Evolution by natural selection - Correct Answers -1. Species are related by common
ancestry
2. characteristic of species change over time
Evolution - Correct Answers --change in population over time
-species not independent entities
-species not fixed over time
Natural Selection - Correct Answers --variation in heritable traits among individuals in a
population
-certain version of heritable gratis allow individuals to survive/reproduce better in a
particular environment condition
-natural selection acts on individuals, but evolutionary change effects only populations
-evolution occurs when heritable variation leads to increased success in reproduction
Fitness - Correct Answers -ability to produce offspring
Adaptation - Correct Answers -a tray that increases fitness of an individual in an
environment
Basic properties of cells - Correct Answers --cells are complex/organized
-cells have genetic blueprint and ability to translate (genome)
-cells can reproduce themselves from preexisting cells
-cells can acquire, transform and utilize energy
-cells can carry out chemical reactions
-cell can engage in mechanical activities (vacuoles being moved by motor proteins)
-cells can respond to stimuli
-cell can self-regulate
atom - Correct Answers -smallest unit of element; electrically neutral
molecule - Correct Answers -linked group of atoms
nucleus - Correct Answers -center of atom (+) charge: (protons/neutrons)
atomic # - Correct Answers -number of protons
mass # - Correct Answers -# of protons + neurons
electron shell - Correct Answers -orbit followed by electrons around an atomic nucleus
valence shell - Correct Answers -outer shell of atom
valence - Correct Answers -the number of chemical bonds formed by an atom of a given
element
, ion - Correct Answers -atom or molecule that has gained or lost an electron
isotope - Correct Answers -form of element with different # of neutrons; have different
masses
covalent bonds - Correct Answers -atoms share electrons; can be polar or non polar
polar covalent bonds - Correct Answers --electrons not shard equally, partial charges on
O and H atoms; asymmetric electron sharing, polar, hydrophilic, water soluble, reactive
-contain one are more electronegative atom
-relative electronegativity of atoms of biological importance: O greater than N great an
then C equal to H
-O, N, S, and/or P are electronegative when bonded to C or H, reactive
non polar - Correct Answers --electrons are shard equally
-symmetrical electron sharing between atoms of similar electronegativity (C-H, N-N, H-
H, O-O)
-molecules of pure carbon are inert
-hydrophobic
-insoluble in water
-electrons spend an equal amount of the at the carbon nucleus as the hydrogen nucleus
electronegativity - Correct Answers --depend on # of portions in nucleus (more + more
electronegative)
-depends on size of atom (instance of bonding electron from nucleus; further away less
electronegative)
-size decreased from left to right in period as # of protons in nucleus increase; added
electrons go into existing shell so size of atom does not increase across period
non covalent bonds - Correct Answers --weak attractive forces between positively and
negatively charged regions within a molecule or between tow nearly molecules
-hydrogen bonds
-van der waals forces
-hydrophobic/hydrophilic
hydrogen bonds - Correct Answers --from between hydrogen molecules
-form between plat molecules
-water molecules interact electrostatically through oxygen of one molecule to the H of
another
-dipole: separation of charge
Ionic bonds - Correct Answers --forms between a cation and an anion
-transfer of electrons
-before you have an ionic bond atoms must be ionized
-determine the structure and function molecules in the absence of water
-interact electrostatically
Answers
Characteristic of Living Organisms - Correct Answers --Energy: acquisition of and use of
-Cells: membrane bound unit
-Information: genetic information; process and respond to information lout there
-Replication: goal of all organisms...make more organisms
-Evolution: organisms are a product of evolution and are constantly evolving
Cell Theory - Correct Answers -1. All organisms are made of cells
2. Cell come from preexisting cells
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection - Correct Answers -1. All species are related
my common ancestry
2. All species have changed over time in response to natural selection
All organisms are made of cells - Correct Answers -cell: a highly organized
compartment bounded by a thin flexible plasma membrane that contains concentrated
chemicals in aqueous solution
Cells come from preexisting cells - Correct Answers -cells reproduce
Signal amplification in intracellular receptors - Correct Answers --1 ligand
-1 receptor
-1 receptor binding to regulatory sequence in DNA
-amplification in regulation of gene expression (transcription...TONS of mRNAs
transcribed, and TONS of proteins translated)
kinase - Correct Answers -enzyme that adds phosphate to protein or lipid
phosphatase - Correct Answers -enzyme that removes phosphate group
GTPase - Correct Answers -enzyme that hydrolyzes GTP to GDP +P
Phosphodiesterase - Correct Answers -enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bonds
cAMP to AMP
cyclase - Correct Answers -enzyme that makes a cylic nucleotide rom trinucletoides
ATP to cAMP- creates phosphodiester bonds
,Evolution by natural selection - Correct Answers -1. Species are related by common
ancestry
2. characteristic of species change over time
Evolution - Correct Answers --change in population over time
-species not independent entities
-species not fixed over time
Natural Selection - Correct Answers --variation in heritable traits among individuals in a
population
-certain version of heritable gratis allow individuals to survive/reproduce better in a
particular environment condition
-natural selection acts on individuals, but evolutionary change effects only populations
-evolution occurs when heritable variation leads to increased success in reproduction
Fitness - Correct Answers -ability to produce offspring
Adaptation - Correct Answers -a tray that increases fitness of an individual in an
environment
Basic properties of cells - Correct Answers --cells are complex/organized
-cells have genetic blueprint and ability to translate (genome)
-cells can reproduce themselves from preexisting cells
-cells can acquire, transform and utilize energy
-cells can carry out chemical reactions
-cell can engage in mechanical activities (vacuoles being moved by motor proteins)
-cells can respond to stimuli
-cell can self-regulate
atom - Correct Answers -smallest unit of element; electrically neutral
molecule - Correct Answers -linked group of atoms
nucleus - Correct Answers -center of atom (+) charge: (protons/neutrons)
atomic # - Correct Answers -number of protons
mass # - Correct Answers -# of protons + neurons
electron shell - Correct Answers -orbit followed by electrons around an atomic nucleus
valence shell - Correct Answers -outer shell of atom
valence - Correct Answers -the number of chemical bonds formed by an atom of a given
element
, ion - Correct Answers -atom or molecule that has gained or lost an electron
isotope - Correct Answers -form of element with different # of neutrons; have different
masses
covalent bonds - Correct Answers -atoms share electrons; can be polar or non polar
polar covalent bonds - Correct Answers --electrons not shard equally, partial charges on
O and H atoms; asymmetric electron sharing, polar, hydrophilic, water soluble, reactive
-contain one are more electronegative atom
-relative electronegativity of atoms of biological importance: O greater than N great an
then C equal to H
-O, N, S, and/or P are electronegative when bonded to C or H, reactive
non polar - Correct Answers --electrons are shard equally
-symmetrical electron sharing between atoms of similar electronegativity (C-H, N-N, H-
H, O-O)
-molecules of pure carbon are inert
-hydrophobic
-insoluble in water
-electrons spend an equal amount of the at the carbon nucleus as the hydrogen nucleus
electronegativity - Correct Answers --depend on # of portions in nucleus (more + more
electronegative)
-depends on size of atom (instance of bonding electron from nucleus; further away less
electronegative)
-size decreased from left to right in period as # of protons in nucleus increase; added
electrons go into existing shell so size of atom does not increase across period
non covalent bonds - Correct Answers --weak attractive forces between positively and
negatively charged regions within a molecule or between tow nearly molecules
-hydrogen bonds
-van der waals forces
-hydrophobic/hydrophilic
hydrogen bonds - Correct Answers --from between hydrogen molecules
-form between plat molecules
-water molecules interact electrostatically through oxygen of one molecule to the H of
another
-dipole: separation of charge
Ionic bonds - Correct Answers --forms between a cation and an anion
-transfer of electrons
-before you have an ionic bond atoms must be ionized
-determine the structure and function molecules in the absence of water
-interact electrostatically
